Mcdonald’s in India Essay

McDonald’s in India McDonald’s uses a multidomestic strategy in India. This can be seen from its use of local suppliers, its adaptive pricing strategies and the removal of the company’s representative product, the â€Å"Big Mac†, and replacing it with a range of new products specifically catered to the Indian culture and preferences. Unlike in other countries, a large proportion of Indians do not eat pork or beef, and many others are vegetarians. It is therefore practically impossible for McDonald’s to succeed with its international line of products such as the big Mac, which focuses on beef products. Moreover, with each household spending more than 50% of income on food and beverages, and more than 70% of the population earning less than $2,000 annually, the company’s usual target segment of the middle-class households is unable to afford its products. Hence, it can be seen that McDonald’s needs a high level of responsiveness and adaptation to the Indian market. In addition, the company opted to enter the market as joint ventures with local managers, clearly showing no need of global integration, but rather, emphasis on local adaptability. Attractiveness of the Fast Food Industry in India Factor Conditions in India Indian Culture Affecting the Demand of Specific Foods Inefficient Food Chain and Distribution Systems Chance Government Policies Porter’s Diamond Model Attractiveness of the Fast Food Industry in India Factor Conditions in India Indian Culture Affecting the Demand of Specific Foods Inefficient Food Chain and Distribution Systems Chance Government Policies Porter’s Diamond Model McDonald’s strategy is highly effective in India. McDonald’s success thus far in India is attributable to the factors as analysed in Porter’s Diamond Model. An important factor for the success of McDonald’s was its reliable distribution channels for supplies from local suppliers. As the food chain and distribution channels in India were inefficient, and imports were taxed at a staggering 65%, it was important that McDonald’s obtain its raw materials from local suppliers, but at the same time ensure that the supplies were of good quality, and were delivered efficiently. This would be necessary to ensure that the company maintains a high standard of quality, while at the same time ensuring low costs of production. Given the state of the agricultural industry and the high import taxes in the country, setting up a reliable distribution channel for McDonald’s creates a valuable resource that is rare, costly to imitate, and non-substitutable. It hence creates a sustainable competitive advantage for McDonald’s in India. Another important factor of success is the pricing adopted by McDonald’s. Unlike in other parts of the world, the consumers in India are highly price sensitive to food, since more than half of their income is spent on food. Thus, it was important that McDonald’s sets acceptable prices for their products in India. This was not an easy task, as the company had to set a price that was affordable to the Indians, but at the same time, not undercut its profit margin. Hence, the company relied heavily on local management for the operations of the business. Not only did it enhance the company’s responsiveness to the local needs, it also allowed the company to understand the culture of the Indians better. Fitting the company’s values into the culture of the country is especially crucial to the survival and success of McDonald’s in India, since the very nature of food products McDonald’s deals with may conflict with the cultural beliefs of Hindus, who make up the majority of Indian population. Besides seeking out opportunities, McDonald’s has also successfully dealt with the threats, especially those of the environmentalist groups. As there were many vocal environmental and animal activists in India, they posed a substantial threat to the company’s business. Further, these groups also campaigned that fast-food joints were anti-poor and cater only to the rich segment. This was especially threatening to the company, since the majority of Indians were not well-to-do. In response, McDonald’s products were aptly priced to be affordable to the general public. In addition, they introduced healthier products (such as the toasted McCurry Pan), an also actively participates in many community-involvement programmes, which are largely directed towards children. Since India is in the stage of population growth, the proportion of children is especially high. This strategy hence allows McDonald’s to increase its popularity amongst households with children. Moreover, it also fits well with McDonald’s culture of focusing on children. While McDonald’s strategy in India has been effective thus far, there are challenges it continues to face. Currently, McDonald’s is situated only in a few metropolitan cities, where the crowds are more familiar with American products, and are willing to try these products. However, with the development of India, McDonald’s has to expand to other cities to reach out to the rest of the nation. With the highly regional culture of the country, it has to continuously develop its products which are able to cater to the unique preferences of the consumers. This is important to the company’s continued success in the country. Besides, the company also has to ensure that it continues to garner political support. As the country has many activists groups and extremist religious groups, it is important that McDonald’s has the support of the government in order to ensure that the operations are able to continue in times of chaos.

Family Traditions Essay

How does The Keeping Quilt help you understand traditions and what they mean to families? The Keeping Quilt by Patricia Polacco shows how immigrants came to a new country and passed down traditions to their family overtime. It also shows how traditions are integrated with other cultures to create a new culture. The Keeping Quilt demonstrates how historical and cultural traditions, teaching children social themes through children literature in the classroom can effectively increase cultural values in children’s social skills in reality. In reading the story The Keeping Quilt the author Patricia Polacco reflects on when her great grandma Anna came to America from Russia were grandma came to with only her old dress a babushka and old coat. Grandma later decides to use the old coat and pieces of other family members clothing to make a quilt. â€Å" We will make a quilt to help us always remember home† Anna’s mother said. † It will be like having the family in back home Russia dance around us at night. †(4). Here, the quilt was a significant symbol to the family to always remember their native land. It was used for the birth of family members to the family and used as huppa in weddings. Later the quilt was even used as a tablecloth and covering for caskets at funerals. The quilt became a symbol of the love and family values. The story The Keeping Quilt demonstrates to readers how some traditions and customs from our ancestors are embedded within individuals. These traditions help shape and influence our ideas values and beliefs. However in reading the story The Keeping Quilt it emphasizes some characterics of the historical values in the black African American cultures as to the movie or novel Roots by Alex Haley whereas the family kept their traditional heritage alive with jumping the broom as a symbolic union in marriage during their struggles through slavery. Another example is Escaping slavery: Sweet Clara and the freedom quilt by Sue Ann Miller, were a slave girl, Clara goes on her journey to freedom using the quilt as her symbolic inspiration from slavery. These stories and The Keeping Quilt shows readers how tradition customs individuals inherit from their ancestors used to remind them of their heritage such as the quilt was significant because it served as a piece of history passed down through generation to generation. Although Grandma Anna migrated from Russia she did not abandon her homeland once arriving in America, instead she tried to capture the memories by creating a quilt from different family members clothing each scrap of a family member clothing told a story. In creating the quilt grandma Anna kept her family history alive because it represented every significant moment in the family’s life. The Keeping Quilt also shows how cultures when migrating to a new country bring their own traditions and values. â€Å"Carle was given a gift gold, flower, salt, and bread to welcome her into the world each having a symbolic meaning. Whereas the gold represented she will never know poverty, a flower so she would always know love, salt so life would give her flavor, and bread so that she would never know hunger. However the story also shows how cultures bring their own traditions from their homeland they also create new traditions. Patricia Polacco stated† at my wedding men and women danced together, whereas in the pass they were not allowed to dance together (10). Although some traditions had changed in The Keeping Quilt overtime, the quilt remained an important tool used to connect the families past to the present. It also served as something used to preserve traditions the author Patricia Polacco states â€Å" I too will be a grandmother, and tell the story of The Keeping Quilt to my grandbabies†. 32) In addition, The Keeping Quilt is great example to express it is important to pass the torch of family traditions, this imparts a sense of continuity, bonding and more importantly love. It is incumbent on each generation of parents to keep the family tradition up and running. Family traditions are valuable instruments for child rearing because they install social values and contribute to creating close family ties. Whereas quality family time can help to build and maintain strong family ties sharing is the key ingredient for creating quality moments. On the other hand traditions make sharing easy for offering a common ground of knowledge and experiences. Teaching the new generation to honor the old family traditions through the years can help preserve encouraged interaction through shared activities. Many of most meaningful traditional activities revolve around food, with families gatherings eat and celebrate different events or holidays. In telling her story Patricia Polacco says that she come from past of storytellers, quoting† My fondest memories are sitting around a stove or open fire, eating apples and popping corn, while listening to the old ones tell glorious stories about their homeland and past. † In celebrating, traditions are highly important to welfare of many diverse families were Jews celebrate Passover and Hanukah, African Americans enjoy Kwanzaa, christens honor the birth of Jesus Christ at Christmas, but all giving thanks on Thanksgivings and etc. Traditions help people feel a sense of identity and belonging from a generational perspective, family traditions are practices or belief, they also pave the way for the good times and good memories. They create a connectedness with the past and hope for the future. This book is well integrated into History and Social Studies the study of families ethic religious, occupational and so forth. In reading this book illustration The Keeping Quilt emphasizes the family value and encourages children that valuable tools of family traditions ensure them with warmth and closeness family bondage now.

A Career Management Reflective Report

A Career Management Reflective Report The so-called career management, refers to the professional staff behaviors’ guideline that a organization for its employees. Career management is engaged in improve the staff’s career efficiency so that the organization long-term development can be guaranteed. From organizational perspective, career management including the plans, instructions and control for employee’s occupations demands the effective organic integration of organizational perspectives personal development (Gerald, 2009). Through participating in university career programs and summarizing the career management workbook, I make the following analyses on career management which are my reflection outcomes. When the job-seekers come to become formal employees of a company, the company should help them formulate and implement the employees’ career plans with a receptive attitude towards their coming. Career management as a course of organizing staff conducts can be understood from three aspe cts: Firstly, career management brings career development plans to its employees and is different from the career plans made by staff themselves. Career management is based on the consideration of the perspective of the organization. It regards staff as special fixed and value-added capital through continual exploiting and investing. Career management embodies characteristics of guidance and utilitarian since it aims at seeking organization sustainable development through staff’s efforts. Secondly, career management needs to meet both the individual needs and organizational needs. Only by fully understanding of the staff’s career development needs, companies can be able to formulate corresponding policies and measures for helping staff find their own right answers and provide them appropriate opportunities. Similarly, only through meeting the occupational needs of the employees, the organization can be able to meet its own internal value-added needs of human resources. One hand, the improvement of staff’s professional skills can enhance the overall quality level of human resource; the other hand, career management can bring effective and positive incentives to the organizational staff whose career direction is consistent with the organizational development direction, and reserve human resource of high level executives or technicians. Improve overall organizational competitiveness and reserve effective human resource is essential to a company’s development. The energetic and financial investment on career management is can be regarded the long term investment to achieve the goal above. Organizational needs are the dynamic source of career management; if the organizational needs cannot be satisfied, the career management will lose its motivation source and then get terminated. The career management of staffs is the basis of career management and if the basic career needs of staffs cannot be satisfied then the overall career management activities will fail. Thirdly, the range of career management is broad and involves a lot of topics. It can be said that all the activities which are helpful for staff’s career development should be listed in the scope of career management, shown as follows: For individual employees, such as various types of training, development consulting, counseling, work-family ties, lectures, and the facilities that are for strengthening staffs’ skills and improving their academic qualifications, etc. For the organization’s various personnel policies and measures, such as standardized career appraisal system, establishment and implementation of effective internal promotion system, labor protection and social security system, and so on.

Construction Industry in Sultanate of Oman Essay - 2

Construction Industry in Sultanate of Oman - Essay Example Legitimate sovereign government has the right to protect its citizens from internal and external aggression to ensure there is peace and order in the society. Therefore any rise of terror activities that work to instill fear and disrupt the peaceful environment should be dealt with swiftly (Duyvesteyn, 2004). The government therefore should not be limited to using non-violent means to protect its citizens. Rapoport (2004) notes that terror activities started towards the end of the nineteenth century as people tried to fill the void left by lack of social and political order. Currently, some of the government agencies that were set up to restore order in the society have failed to live up to the expectation resulting to unequal distribution of resources in the society (Murchadha, 2006). Therefore, to rise against such dictatorial regimes or challenge the status quo, violence against the government is reasonable and justified. To reduce the need for the people to engage in violent, legal procedures have been put in place for justice to prevail in the society. However, corrupt government officials at time create laws for their own selfish gains making the public to lose faith on the judicial system. Therefore, the presence of ineffective justice system justifies the use of violence to get a share of the scarce natural resources and bring an end to oppression (Murchadha, 2006). In addition, it is justifiable in self defense or to avert a life threatening situation which may not be urgently addressed through legal means. A thin line exists regarding as to when the use of violence is justifiable and when it is not. Under the pacifist perspective, it can be argued that the use of violence reduces the level of humanity and should never be justified. However, this view is insensitive to the people who may lose their lives at the hands of terror groups or dictatorial regimes. Thus to protect innocent lives by use of

United States Military Actions Without Congressional Declaration of Essay

United States Military Actions Without Congressional Declaration of War - Essay Example The U.S. has the ability to invade a country simply because it can and not because it is the option of last resort. Prior to the Korean War, the government used military force only when necessary so as to protect the country’s vital interests. Many times since that era the policy makers’ characterization of ‘vital interests’ has been flawed yet U.S. military involvement was always justified in this manner. Beginning with the Korean War, the country’s vital interests were no longer the measure by which to initiate military action. For example, the first President Bush committed forces to Somalia in the early 1990’s to be part of a United Nations humanitarian mission but public support quickly evaporated when the American soldiers began dying. President Clinton sent troops to the Balkans which proved to be successful because it caused minimal U.S. casualties while achieving political objectives. This conflict showed that the American public will tolerate military intervention even when not presented as protecting vital interests but only if it doesn’t cost a great deal of Americans lives. Somalia was a failure but military actions in the Balkans, Haiti, Panama and the first Gulf War have evidently encouraged the United States to initiate military action without any foundation in reason or common sense. The U.S. can overwhelm most other nations militarily, but successful foreign relations and global political objectives are made more complicated and less likely if the military is continually used for dubious purposes (Larson, 1996). The instances of misused military power over the past half century have escalated in the past 15 years which has caused an ever-widening credibility deficit for the U.S. Now, more than ever, it is vital that the U.S. formulate a reasonable policy which dictates the specific guidelines for engaging in foreign military operations. Within this policy, American interests should always be

Was Hitler's rise to power due to his own strengths or to the Essay

Was Hitler's rise to power due to his own strengths or to the situation in Germany - Essay Example Political power sometimes is achieved out of situational advantage.The greatest racist in history Adolph Hitler did exactly that His views as a racist seeped into the general German mass that ultimately helped him to perform the notorious genocide killing 5 million Jews.The greatest racist in history Adolph Hitler did exactly thatHe incorporated racism within the cross section of the German mass against the Jews though various methods like using media to his benefit and through overwhelming oratory. The idea of racial discrimination through methodical racial institutionalization of education, employment and health was put into the ultimate practice with fearful results. For example the speech presented at Munich on the date April 12, 1922 presents the insight of the conceptualization and formulation of raciest ideas and making it the instrument of gaining power at the Reichstag. The situation and the groundwork were favorable for Hitler. Germany was passing through a phase of humilia tion and unemployment with economic downfall after the defeat of First World War.The Weimar republic was in power during the post First World War period starting from 1919. The Weimer government was completely unsuccessful with their political and financial policies and unemployment was on a high. As it is the country's defeat in the First World War resulted in economic instability that further incorporated fascist and Spartacist coups, like that of Hermann Ehrhardt's Freikorps, with wide spread political extremism and overall lawlessness. Constitution formed after abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II was inappropriate and weak and soon it lost popularity. The economy was badly hurt as a result of WWI defeat and treaty of Versailles claiming 20,000 billion gold marks as war reparations. This result in the currency to be unstable with 469,000 million marks national debt. Furthermore the economic coal fields of Rurh were occupied by the French government. To add more problem the 1929 stock market crisis made matter more severe. All these conditions ultimately led into hyperinflation that summed up to 663 billion marks. There are also enough evidences that Hitler political power was based upon brute force with his incorporation of brutal political murders with included murder of communist leaders. Additionally, he blamed the Jews for all economic and political crisis of Germany and motivated the population to become anti-Semitic. Once the population became Anti-Semitic it was helpful to gain popularity and thus gain political power as the Germans regarded Hitler to be their savior. However, election results show that there is a gradual rise of popularity of the Nazi party from 1928-1932 but the main problem remained that there was no specific party individually strong enough to rule. This was a situation of an example of political instability in Germany that Hitler took complete advantage. (Rise of Nazism, 14-15) An evaluation of the sources Hitler, Adolph; Hitler Speaks in Munich; SPEECH OF April 12, 1922; NBT; 1999 The Rise of Nazism; pp-14-15 This book published in 1999 was recovered from Russian Achieves and presents a wide range of speeches by Hitler. These speeches show the methods by which Hitler uses to motivate the audience with fact at the beginning and fallacy to back his intentions. In his speech Hitler started off with the right note by pointing towards the defeat of the First World War as this would be the best possible mode of attracting the audiences' attention as logically enough that would be the most concerned element of the mass during the 1922 Germany. He promptly indicates that there was a "debt of some 7 or 8 millions of marks and beyond that was faced with the debts of the rest of the world" (Hitler, 1, 1). This the best possible manner by which he could effectively guide his intentions towards a well formulated methodical approach that would enable him to take the audience by his side

Various Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Various Assignments - Essay Example In this regard, the procedural fairness provided for in the Bill of Rights is arguably its most important value. Procedural fairness is important because it preserves unto the individual the right to freely participate in political and economic life (Nueborne, p. 83). Moreover, procedural fairness counter-balances the fact that the freedoms and rights contained in the Bill of Rights are not absolute. In other words, there are exceptions to the right to free expression in that the government may curtail freedom of expression in situations where the speaker utters words that can be construed as hate crime or incitement to riot. Thus procedural fairness permits the speaker the right to a fair trial and the right to confront his or her accusers and to defend his or her right to free speech. Procedural fairness recognizes that any government can overstep its power to the detriment of the governed (Nueborne, p. 83). With entitlements to the right to privacy, protection of private property, the right to a fair trial, the right to bail, and so on, the Bill of Rights plays a supervisory role in the constitutional order. ... Institutional enforcement mechanisms are captured by procedural fairness by allowing for judicial review of the exercise of powers by the federal government, state governments and their agents. Even at the state level, state and state agents’ conduct is scrutinized by state judges by reference to the rights and freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights. Thus, as Nueborne puts it, procedural fairness establishes a â€Å"nationwide network† that are â€Å"engaged in constant surveillance of the activities of the governing majority† so that the rights and freedoms articulated by the Bill of Rights â€Å"are respected in everyday life† (Nueborne, p. 84). Procedural fairness is all the more important since the rights and freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights are not expressed in uncertain terms. Many of these rights and freedoms are â€Å"ambiguous† so that they can be open to interpretation (Nueborne, p. 84). Procedural fairness curtails the risk of i nconsistent interpretations of the rule of law in relation to the individual rights and freedoms contained in the Bill of Rights. In promoting procedural fairness judges interpret and apply the Bill of Rights by reference to a system of precedents and thus assures consistency and greater uniformity of rights and freedoms for all (Nueborne, p. 85). In the final analysis procedural fairness ensures that in addition to ensuring that the government treats all individuals equally, procedural fairness also ensures that the government exercise its powers fairly and consistently and that any departure from the fundamental freedoms and rights contained in the Bill of Rights is done so in a way that is only necessary

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personal Statement Example I was a volunteer for the Memorial Sloan Kettering hospital, where my mother was getting treatment for cancer. Observing the hospital scenarios and the activities of doctors and health care professionals ignited a passion in me to be a doctor. Also, my mother had a dream of me going to a renowned university to continue studies. And, as she wished, I received a partial scholarship in the University of Maryland, where I was also given a chance to run the track and field for Maryland. I felt this was a golden moment in my life and left my mother with grandparents for further treatment. However, I used to commute back and forth from Maryland to New York to check the condition of my mother’s health. She passed away in 2009. When I was studying in the University of Maryland, I was engaging myself in community work. My admiration for community work developed due to the medical condition of my parents. Every time I visited a hospital, I could find people in distress and discomfort due to illnesses and diseases. At that moment, I had a strong urge to take a position of doctor to help the poor and the diseased. Studying at the University of Maryland, I was involved in 40 community service that was mandatory as a part of the CIVICUS program; in addition, I have joined a fraternity of brothers to give me support in my community service work. Apart from this, basketball and baseball were my passion, and I practiced them at inner city communities of Prince George’s county of Maryland and nearby Washington, DC. My participation in mentoring to manhood program allowed two boys struggling to pass from middle school to high school to achieve their goal. Even my connection with hospital was strong, as I raised funds for the underprivileged people at a suburban hospital. I was lucky enough to get an opportunity to shadow some doctors who were practicing at Emergency Medicine Department. My other experience of shadowing a doctor was when I encountered Dr. Julie Stark during my summer vacation at Los Angeles, C.A. Another highlight during the studies is my participation in research work at Walker Research Group in physical chemistry for 1.5 years. My research was on Isomer Partitioning across Water/Alkane Interfaces, which I value the most. I graduated from the University of Maryland on December 2010 and immediately was given a job at the United States Department of Treasury in the IT department. I was forced to take this job due to my financial situation; however, my goal was still to join a medical school. Later, in the fall of 2011, I decided to get admission to Caribbean Medical School, as my transcripts were not apt for a state school. Finally, I completed two semesters at IAU College of medicine where I also had the opportunity to have better experience of the third world conditions. While I was there, I had a chance to launch new programs like â€Å"Clothing Drive†, when children left the island for home. After I passed NBME exams i n anatomy and histology, I planned to move on to an American medical school for better qualifications. Even while working on my studies, I never left the community service and gave my partial attention to it. I can understand my urge to become a doctor, as the community in which I lived scarcely had access to medical treatment. As a doctor, I want to serve the people. Once I become doctor, I can live a life of comfort and luxury,

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 91

Assignment - Essay Example The entire history of the horses was contained in the international museum of the horse in the park where visitors get the opportunity to learn about horse history (Clarke, 2013). Apart from the world horse history, I also liked the parks sculptures of horses starting with the life-size Man O War statue that captures the attention of any visitor at the entrance of the park. Also other statues include that of Bret Hanover and the United States 1973 winner of the Triple Crown Secretariat (Clarke, 2013). While at the Kentucky Horse Farm I experienced a guided 40 minutes of horseback trail riding as a group activity and dressing in the authentic riders costume for the event. The viewing the parks sceneries from the back of a horse through the trails and bridle paths was such an exciting experience of a life time. I was enchanted as the trail took us to the immense serene view of the blue plains of Kentucky through the beautiful countryside of the park. In addition to horseback riding I got to experience a ride in the horse drawn tours and carriages through the streets of the Kentucky Horse Park just like in the ancient days in history. At the Alltech indoor arena I attended the daily equine horse presentations that were so spectacular. The event showcased the different breeds of horses in the park doing their awesome presentations to the anticipating crowd of viewers that were packed to capacity at the arena. The Kentucky Horse Park fosters the regional and community identity of the people of Lexington a town commonly referred to as the Horse Capital of the World by providing visitors with a spectacular display of man and horse relationship (Clarke,2013). The park cherishes horses that are the Lexingtons community identity together with its horse racing culture at the Keeneland Race Course. The park also keeps the history of horses in order to keep the

Exploring the relationship between digital Architecture and digital Essay

Exploring the relationship between digital Architecture and digital fabrication - Essay Example As a matter of fact, it emerges that the relationship between the two is solely responsible for the increased automation in the construction industry. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Digital architecture 5 Digital fabrication 6 Digital architecture versus digital fabrication 8 Case study: Greater London Authority 12 Discussion 15 Conclusion 17 Reference 19 Table of figures Figure 1: Paradigmatic shift in digital design 8 Figure 2: levels of digital computability 9 Figure 3: Mercedes Benz Museum 10 Figure 4: Cecil Belmond’s Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 11 Figure 5: Weaire-Phelan structure and Water Cube 12 Figure 6: Greater London Authority 13 Figure 7: Programmed wall elements 14 Introduction At a time when art and design are intertwined and increasingly sophisticated, generating ideas and fabrication of the ideas into items for reflection and evaluation of the conceptualized creativity is important. Conventionally, painters produce sketches as items of their creati ve processes; explore composition possibilities in form of pencil drawings before finalizing the paintings. On the other hand, Architects explore lots of design possibilities via sketching of designs, hard-line drawings, physical models, as well as manufacturing artifacts for diverse ideas exploration. In the modern world, architects have adopted digital design in manufacturing of shapes and spaces including advanced technologies, which include, generative modeling methods using parametric modeling as well as CAD scripting. Modern architects traditionally generate multiple ideas in form of sketches in order to be able to further narrow down possible solutions to design and manufacturing challenges. Throughout the entire design history, lots of efforts have been put forth in facilitation of the process of generating ideas. Past literature present various endeavors ranging from creative design methodologies to high-end technological solutions. Basing from the technology-methodology pe rspective, there still are lots of innovative technological advances and challenges in design methodology application in multiple circumstances, which can be abridged together. Digital design and fabrication solutions present extensive potentials for integration into creative design process given that it offers possibility of availing tangible artifacts to existence where imagination of the mind is exceeded. Designers conventionally attempt rationalize their designs. Creation of study models, mock-ups and test prototypes are amongst approaches often implemented in validation of utility of designs. These multiple methods considered are treated as post-design evaluation methods. Typically, by the time a prototype comes to focus group session, lots of decisions will already reached. As a matter of fact, in conventional design processes, critical decisions are reached on the paper. Micro design integration decisions shape products. Nonetheless, what makes the process realistic are the s kills and experience levels that the designers exhibit. On the other hand, designers and fabricators are conventionally limited by skills they possess as well as various other parameters. However, digital design and

Transformation of Rome from Republic to Empire Essay Example for Free

Transformation of Rome from Republic to Empire Essay Like so many agricultural cultures, Rome began as a city-state about 600 B.C. It was founded by descendants of Indo-European invaders from central Europe who merged with earlier Italian peoples. The Roman language and many basic social patterns were inherited from the local farmers who had populated the region long before the city was founded. But the city itself borrowed from an earlier Italian civilization, the Etruscan, slightly to the north, and to a lesser extent from Greek colonies in the south. This gave form to early Roman religion and also to political structure. Rome began as a kingdom under Etruscan rule. But about 509 B.C. the Roman aristocracy overthrew the king, and Rome became an aristocratic republic not unlike the Greek city-states. Intense local civic pride was part of this pattern, as in Greece, including a willingness to sacrifice self in the interest of the state. Heroic military action by a few individuals, such as the fabled Horatio holding the bridge over the Tiber river against an Etruscan army, gained Rome increasing independence. Roman family structure was the basis of this kind of culture. It emphasized obedience to the father, although the mother was honored as well. Even though the aristocrats competed for power, they could unite when loyalty to the state was at stake, because they had been trained to subordinate themselves to the common good, just as children were taught to yield to family interest. Religion was another binding force, as was the consideration with which aristocrats treated the common people of the city. In the early days of the republic there was much social tension, but uprisings gave the citizens of the lower class, whatever their wealth,   their own representatives, called tribunes, to oversee their interests in the government. The first law code, the famous Twelve Tables, was introduced about 450 B.C.; this restrained the upper class from arbitrary action. By the third century B.C., citizens of the lower class, called plebeians, could be elected to public office and pass laws. The Roman city-state was not like the Greek. The Roman people met in assemblies, but the assemblies were called and run by officers. There was no choosing of leaders by lot; two consuls were elected by the people each year to serve as executive and military leaders, and almost always these were aristocrats or wealthy plebeians. The consuls scrutinized each others activities so that neither could seize power; behind the scenes the aristocracy could usually run the show. Aristocratic power was formalized in the Roman senate which was composed of anyone who had held public office and who then served as senator for life. This group had only advisory powers, but, composed of experienced and prestigious men, its influence was considerable and it lent stability to the   state. The picture of the Roman state around 250 B.C. proved so attractive to many western political theorists long after the republic was gone that it was copied, at least partially, by a host of western political governments. What was particularly appealing about the Roman arrangement was its balance. Underwritten by definite laws which protected the rights of the citizens, the Roman government checked unlimited democracy without yielding to total upper-class rule; and it prevented executive dictatorship. The division between a popular assembly and an upper-class senate was to be imitated many times. Although legislative authority was predominant, there were separate judges and a separate executive; here was a hint of division of powers and it seemed to work well. Based on political stability, Rome prospered and began a pattern of conquest which none of the Greek city-states had been capable of. Internally, the population increased, which is always a creative factor if properly channeled. Conquest offered the means of distributing the surplus population and of providing wealth for the masses, which helped keep them quiet. Also, Rome was well situated, being in the center of Italy, for once the Etruscans had been beaten and their culture collapsed, there were few powerful rivals surrounding Rome. Finally, the Romans were lenient rulers. Nevertheless, over time the republic itself became unviable. The aristocratic Senate no longer provided consistent wisdom and the populace vied for favors from the rich, particularly the victorious generals. Rome had implicitly chosen between a balanced republic and an empire, in favor of the latter, and this made a military regime inevitable. By 31 B.C. Augustus had defeated his rivals. The Republic was dead, and the Roman Empire, a political structure governing Rome and all the colonies, was now to be created. The empire turned out to be Romes major contribution to the western arsenal of political precedents. Not surprisingly, given the major Roman interests, formal culture remained limited until the last century of the republic, when Greek models were copied and Greek artists and writers, some of them slaves, worked directly for Roman patrons. The Romans did not blindly copy; their painting, for example, differed from what we know of the Greek, showing more realistic portrayals of nature and the human form. Hence, Roman statuary, often busts of the great men of the day, reflects attention to individual facial traits more than the stylized approach of the Greeks. However, the central cultural contribution was to spread a Greco-Roman art and literature to the vast empire and particularly to Western Europe, where such products had never before been known.Textbook writing, increasingly important as Roman creativity waned in the later empire, helped preserve the rudiments of learning not only for the Romans themselves but for later ages. Bibliography Heitland, W. E. A Short History of the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press, 1911.

Reproductive Health Bill Essay Example for Free

Reproductive Health Bill Essay The Reproductive Health Bill was first proposed in 1998 by Edcel Lagman of Albay. The said bill aims to improve and promote all methods of family planning, both natural and modern, to help our country’s dilemma regarding the continued growth of our population. The RH Bill gives information to family planning. It will improve maternal, infant and child health and nutrition. It promotes breast feeding. Then abortion will remain illegal and it is punishable by law but post-abortion complications will be given medical aid. It also contains prevention of reproductive tract infections like HIV/AIDS, STD, etc; treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers, and prevention and treatment of infertility. It has elimination of violence against women and also education of sexuality and reproductive health. It includes male involvement and participation in the reproductive health and lastly education of reproductive health for the youth. For several reasons this bill has been an issue in our country for years. It has its pros and cons. Some say it is advantageous because it will really help in the country’s problem, the never ending growth of population that eventually leads to the country’s unchanging state of poverty. Some say it is a no no because of its very ill effects, immorality and sinful act. While, others have no idea what it is nor have any concern about what is happening around them which is really unfortunate. So the researchers thought of conducting a research concerning the thoughts and opinions of the youth about this bill. The youth’s perceptions are important, so are their awareness. Their awareness is a primary concern because they are the future generation. They should be aware of the things going around their environment in order for them to help and participate in developing the country’s economy into a better one. Their views and points may help the society after all.

High Performance Working

High Performance Working Executive Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Change is always a challenge as well as an opportunity. Todays Human resource managers face great challenge to accustom with the changing business and workplace contexts and thus they try to convert their organizations in to High Performance Working systems with the right combination of people, process, technology and organizational structure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The High Performance Working has recently gained growing attention from the Human Resource managers and organizations. Becoming a high performance working organization is considered to be a difficult task because all the relevant and necessary elements must fit with others so that the system can function smoothly. The High Performance working system is a corrective measure because many other tools and measures of management like just-in-time manufacturing, customizing, total quality management and flexible manufacturing technology can be better functioned only when there people who fit the specific requirements. No process can work out when right people are no there. High Performance Working system looks not only at technology or process, but it seeks to find talented and qualified people who can meet the specific requirements. Organizations with High Performance Working have been found to be successful as they have experienced increase in productivity and very static long term profitability. This research work identifies IBM as an organization that has effectively used Organizational learning as a method to become High Performance Working organization. This piece of research work examines the fundamental principles and theories of High Performance working and it analyses how an effective high performance working can help an organization achieve its goals. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of various elements of High Performance working and it draws an example from IBM which has brought tremendous changes in its business with the help Organizational Learning. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When compared with momentous changes that occurred over the recent years in technology, lifestyles, workplace environment and business contexts, the Human Resource Management seems to have accustomed with the changes and it has evolved major developments by implementing various strategies and methods that help organizations face the challenges and achieve its goals. The changes in the technology and in the business contexts cause changes in the workplace. High Performance Working is thus a new interdisciplinary model of Human Resource Management that comprises of people, technology, and process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003) stated that Human Resource Management has been playing its vital role helping organizations gain the competitive advantages over their competitors by becoming high performance working organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This report analyses the features and underlying principles of high performance working and it examines the impacts of high performance working on the levels of management systems within IBM which has recently achieved high performance working with help of organizational learning. This research work presents an in-depth analysis of high performance working and its advantages to the organization in which it is implemented. High Performance Working   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pfeffer (1994) argued that the success in dynamic and highly competitive market environment depends less on advantages associated with economies of scale, technology, patent, access to capital, but, it depends more on innovation, speed and adaptability. Pfeffer (1994) argued that innovation, speed and adaptability are derived from the employees within an organization and from the way they are managed. Organizations seek to adapt to the changes by adopting a number of managerial practices that are called high performance or high involvement human resource system (Guthrie, Flood and Liu, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dessler and Varkkey (2009) argued that research evidences show that the best-performing companies in a wide range of industries perform well because of their high performance working. High performance working is an integrated set of human resource management practices and tools that together produce superior employee performance. Many qualitative and quantitative researches have proved that high performance working is directly influencing the overall performance of the employees by increasing their productivity. The specific objective of this system is to attain superior employee performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003), high performance working is a system in which an organization has best possible fit between their social system (people and their interaction) and technical system (equipment and processes). Pfeffer (2001) stated that implementing high performance working requires major up-front investments including training, more selective recruiting, higher wages and so forth. The technology, the structure of the organization, people and processes all work together to gain an advantage in the competitive market. When technology changes and the functional areas of the business like transportation, communication and manufacturing are being changed, the Human Resource Management must ensure that the organization has right and talented people who are able to meet the challenges of changes. While an organization implements and maintain high performance working system, it may have to develop effective training programs, recruiting people for specific skills and encouraging organizational learning and teamwork (Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several organizational outcomes including higher productivity, increased profitability, lower costs, better responsiveness to customer and greater flexibility are the results of high performance working. Implementing high performance working has become a difficult task because it cannot easily be copied from other organizations and there must be good deal of better partnering among executives, line managers, HR professionals, union representatives and employees (Bohlander and Snell, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High performance working is a system of working that promises an increase of around 20 percent in the productivity if staffs are motivated, involved and offered autonomy (Research Forum, 2006). High Performance working generally includes selective hiring, extensive training, pay based on performance, workplace empowerment and sharing of organizational knowledge (Yalabik and Chen, 2008). Features of High Performance working and its specific triggers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though there no hard rule about what comprises of High Performance Working, most organizations and Human Resource management perceive that following are the common practices of High Performance working. Employment security and selective hiring Extensive training and knowledge sharing Self managed teams and decentralized decision making Reduced status distinction between managers, and Transformational leadership (Dessler and Varkkey, 2009) One of the main triggers of high performance working is the market problems. Fierce competition in the market and organizational disparities among counterparts play vital role in encouraging organizations to implement high performance working. During the early 1980s, when Canon and Xerox went head on head in the copier markets, Xerox introduced the practice of High Performance working to face the competition and to beat the counterpart (Ashton and Sung, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction of the new technologies remains to be another trigger for the implementation of high performance working system. OECD researches have shown that foreign ownership has also linked to the use high performance working and its wide acceptability throughout the organizations worldwide and especially in the United States (Ashaton and Sung, 2002). The market fluctuations, introduction of newer technologies and economic changes are the main triggers of High Performance working. The role of employee responses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The employees play mediating role in the high performance working system. The literatures show that High Performance Working is linked to a number of employee practices and employee responses (Macky and Boxall, 2007, Boxall and Macky,2009). Employees are often placed as the central to mediating the outcomes that an organization experiences due to high performance working.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The High Performance Working is directly influencing the performance of employees as it helps increase their productivity and by developing their interpersonal skills and abilities. Employees are highly motivated in an organization that functions with system of High Performance Working and these employees are provided of greater opportunities to make use of their knowledge, experiences and skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an organization that works as High Performance System employee capability is being set upper limit of performance, motivation is directly impacting the degree to which this capability is turned in to an action and opportunities are enhanced as venue for them to express their skills Macky and Boxall (2007). Basic Elements of High Performance Working   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Resource Management plays significant role in implementing various elements of High Performance working like organizational structure, design, selection and training of people, reward system and learning organization. As there are pressures for performance in a very dynamic and competitive environment, human resource managers seem to gravitate toward improving the efficiency of existing organizations structure by implementing new strategies that help gain competitive advantages (Ashkenas and Ulrich, 2002). Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003) identified the following elements of High Performance Working. Organizational Structure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The structure of an organization is the way it combines its people in to useful groups, departments and reporting relationship (Noe and Hollenbeck, 2003). A better designed organizational structure will be highly effective to promote the working of various management groups. The top management within an organization decides the total design and levels of managements like how many employees should be there under a particular supervisor. Task Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Task design is the way the necessary activities of an organization are grouped. Task design makes the tasks to be done efficient and it encourages quality in the operation (Noe and Hollenbeck, 2003). Right People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Selecting right people is the very critical aspect of Human Resource Management. People being selected must fit the tasks to be assigned to them. Right people are the very basic and inevitable element of the High Performance System. In designing and developing a high Performance System, the Human Resource Management must put efforts to find qualified and skilled people who will fit the specific requirement of the business. Reward System   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jackson and Hitt (2003) emphasized that reward is the most powerful tool out of all available Human Resource strategies. It is a strategy that not only motivates the employees but ensures increased productivity and employee cooperation as well. Reward system is another important element of High Performance Working, because it serves dual aspects that it directs attention of employees to the most important specific requirements and also it motivates them to put their efforts. Information system   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the final element of High Performance Working system by which managers have to take decision regarding what kinds of information to be gathered and from what sources it can be collected. The information system determines the scope of information that who can access the information and how can they retrieve organizational knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An information system of an organization is closely related to knowledge management practice which is the process of enhancing business performance by designing and implementing systems, tools, strategies, process and people so as to create knowledge, share and use it for the further benefits of the organization (Noe, 2002). Conditions that Contribute to High Performance Working   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003) identified certain factors that contribute to the high performance working in an organization. According to him, Teamwork, Knowledge share, incentives, employee empowerment and reward are the main factors that directly influence the High Performance Working. Teamwork   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High Performance System will work more effectively in an organization where employees are engaged in team work, cooperation and collaboration. Teamwork is a highly important tool of organizational culture that leads to knowledge share and it thus brings better performance. The teamwork refers to the ability of staffs to work together and their expertise in cooperation by assessing team skills with trust and good communication between them (Austin and Claassen, 2008). Knowledge Share   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowledge share and knowledge slow between workers helps an organization perform well. An organization in which knowledge is freely transferred between its employees can make better ways to achieve success through the implementation of High Performance Working. According to Rothwell and Sterns (2008), employees can be encouraged by team learning by fostering interaction among older and younger workers. This will enable each employee learn from his or her counterparts and therefore it helps foster knowledge share among the workers. Outcomes of High Performance Working   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High Performance Working results higher productivity and increased efficiency and these in turn contribute to higher profits (Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert, 2003). An organization with the help of High Performance Working can achieve high product quality, better customer service and customer satisfaction, lower rate of employee turnover and increased employee involvement and cooperation (Luthans, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gephart and Buren (2002) hold the view that all the companies with high performance may not pursue the same business strategies. Some business may go for low cost or customer services, while others rely on innovation, speed and so forth. A company with High Performance Strategy may give greater emphasis on highly skilled and knowledgeable or experienced employees, customer satisfaction and reliable products and services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A survey conducted in 1993 by Center for Effective Organization has proved that companies that used employee involvement and High Performance Working had substantially higher levels of financial success than those companies that didnt use same strategies. Companies that increasingly used High Performance Working excelled at return on sales return assets and return on investments as well (Gephart and Buren, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to survey conducted by Sloan Foundation, companies with high performance working in the steel industry have been found that those companies had 7 % higher productivity, 13 % increased product quality and better service quality than those companies with less High Performance Working system (Gephart and Buren, 2002). It is obvious that High Performance Working helps organizations increase the employee productivity, motivate employees, achieve high product and service quality and gain customer satisfaction and so on. Workplace Learning for High Performance Working   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ashton and Sung (2002) argued that the use of workplace as a learning experience has been transformed over recent years. There are three main reasons for this. First is the growth of Knowledge economy, second is the impact of new economy and information and communication technology and the third is the increased use of High Performance Working system. Organizational learning has become a significant part of High Performance Working system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As stated earlier, one of the important elements of High Performance Working is Information system. It is not only the system of how information is stored or made use of it, but, it denotes the comprehensive practices involved in making the workplace a learning atmosphere as well. It can be well connected with knowledge management practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spread of High Performance Working has created more opportunities within employees to learn and develop themselves, to improve their skills and not just as in the professional or craft occupations (Ashton and Sung, 2002). The case of IBM: An organizational Learning example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IBM Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation that has succeeded in its business pathway through a number of marketing and Human Resource strategies. IBM remains to be an illuminating example for making its workplace a knowledge creating environment and learning experience. Being an organizational learning example, IBM has implemented a strategy for High Performance Working that makes people, process and technology more adjusted to the changing environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The organizational learning of IBM is basically a customer-driven strategy which has been considered to be effective as it can enable the company adapt to the environmental, cultural and other changes. From the words of Ted Hoff, the vice president of the organizational learning system, IBM has a very special heritage and commitment to learning. This culture is ingrained in all the senior executives. The IBM senior management expects always conducting learning and they are going to develop employees by developing new ideas (Sosbe, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When IBM was under the direction of Vincent Learson, he started conducting serious conversation with senior level management in order to find most effective strategies. Based on situation analysis and future market anticipation, a newly appointed committee suggested IBM to implement an organizational learning process by maintaining 360 new line computers only for the use of management and employees. It was the strategic beginning of organizational learning at IBM and it still goes on as strategic movements to achieve high performance working in the organization (Lipshitz, Popper and Friedman, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IBMs organizational learning can be viewed as a strategic approach for becoming a High Performance Working organization. As discussed by Ashton and Sung (2002), organizational learning is a step forward to become High Performance Working system in an organization. Organizational learning and its strategies enhance employee learning through various methods and tools like knowledge share, retaining older employees for knowledge transfer etc and these in turn motivate employees to learn and develop their skills. Finding right people for the fit for specific requirements is the very crucial stage in High Performance Working. But, organizational learning is an easy way to find and make use of right people for the right need. Instead of searching people from outside, organizational learning and knowledge management helps organizations get right people from within the employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IBM has become one of the renowned computer technology corporations with a very strong market share. IBM has achieved its success through various strategies including organizational learning that helped IBM become High performance working organization. Conclusion and Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This research work presents the theories and practices of High Performance Working and it analyses various elements of the system. This paper outlines the outcomes of High Performance Working and the case of IBM has been included to describe how organizational learning has been effectively used by IBM so as to make it a High Performance Working organization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is very obvious that companies with High Performance Working are found more productive, highly successful in customer satisfaction, improved product and service qualities and so forth than those companies that didnt use High Performance working. Organizations that seek further development in its core competencies and total output must turn their attention towards this growing trend of High Performance working system.

hate crimes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Defining Hate Crimes Hate crimes has become an increasing problem here in the united states ranging from racial hatred to gender discrimination but what are hate crimes? According to Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston Hate crimes are message crimes, Hate crimes are defined as crimes that are violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. The coined term â€Å"hate crimes† was first used No matter how many different definitions there are for hate crimes but we all can agree that hate crimes are wrong and immoral. But within hate crimes they are many different types of hate crimes. One of the main reasons that people commit hate crimes would have to be because of racial hatred. Racial Hatred is a major factor in hate crimes with African Americans being the main target. According to the FBI database in 1996, 4,831 out of the 7,947 such crimes reported to the FBI, or 60%, were promulgated because o f race, with close to two-thirds (62%) targeting African Americans. African Americans may be the most targeted race but other races are targeted as well, such as Hispanics, Chinese and after the recent September 11 attacks on the world trade center Arab Americans have become an increasingly alarming target in the United States. And in addition to racial hate crimes there are crimes that involve religious discrimination, gender discrimination, homosexuality and in some cases people with ...

Desires for freedom :: essays research papers fc

Desire for Freedom and Desire for Limitations on Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People have the desire for freedom as well as a desire for limitations on their freedom. Freedom and the limitations on freedom are both needed to live peacefully. Absolute freedom cannot be achieved because when you take away limitations you take away a freedom. With out rules governing our society, people would be able to do what they want to each other with out fear of punishment. An examination of the advantages and disadvantages of both arguments helps this become clearer. One of the major reasons freedom is so desirable is because many of the limitations on freedom are disallowing humans the right to have control over their bodies. Control of the human body is the only thing that people have power over. A large number of the prohibited freedoms are crimes where the criminal makes himself the victim. For example, the use of drugs, prostitution, suicide, vagrancy, minor in possession, dodging the draft, entering the country illegally, and disregard for the age limits set on the purchase of pornographic materials. All of these crimes are punishable under the law. These crimes are set apart from most others because the person willingly chooses to victimize themselves (An exception can be made sometimes in the case of prostitution if they are being forced to prostitute against there own will). What people choose to do to themselves, in my opinion, is the least of our worries as a country. The last thing the government should have control over is what you c hoose to do to yourself. As long as you are not directly harming anyone else in the process, the government should not waste their time and money on something that is so trivial in comparison to crimes involving a victim. In general, people do not agree with the government controlling what they can and cannot do to themselves. It should be no one's decision but the people if they want to be homeless, drug addicted, or a prostitute. As long as the only damage done affects the self. These laws only exist in response to popular demand. An immense amount of money, time and labor goes to waste dealing with these types of crimes. It would be a lot more productive and profitable to let people have rule over what they do to our bodies. There is no reason why we need to put this much energy into people who will rid of themselves for us.

Essay --

Hamlet is a classic example of a story that has a tragic effect. In order for a story to have this effect it must have a tragic hero that receives sympathy from the audience members. To be a tragic hero a character must possess good characteristics: bravery and loyalty, but they also can possess a bad one like pride. In the play Hamlet, Hamlet became the tragic hero after his father is killed. His father, King Hamlet, is killed by his brother Claudius so that he could inherit the throne and everything that came with the kingdom of Denmark. After his father’s death, Hamlet avenges his father’s death by trying to kill Claudius. Hamlet is the tragic hero because he is brave and loyal, but he could not move past his father’s death quick enough which ultimately play a key role in his death. The audience feels sympathy for the predicament that hamlet is in which makes him the perfect tragic hero of the play Hamlet. At the beginning of the play Hamlet is going through a hard time in his life. His father just died, and his mother just married his uncle less than two months later. Hamlet’s ...

Living on Another Planet Essay

For my professional organization I chose NASA because they are the U. S. government agency that is spearheading the Kepler Project that actually found the planet Kepler 22b that so closely resembles Earth. NASA was founded in 1958 and their headquarters are located in Washington D.C. NASA’s mission statement is â€Å"To reach for new heights and reveal the unknown so that what we do and learn will benefit all humankind.† (Wilson, 2011) The services provided by NASA are scientific research, flight research and development and missions, space research and development and missions, satellite deployment, monitoring, repair, and data analysis, and various other services for the defense of the United States. There are no actual membership costs as this is a U. S. government agency, so you could not â€Å"join† this organization. You have to be employed by the government directly, or by one of the many sub-contractors that NASA does  contract. Being an employee of one of these sub-contractors though does not make you a NASA and/or government employee per se. NASA not only accomplished great things in flight and space exploration, but also made many scientific discoveries and developed many technologies that we use today. One such technology would be formed from the research and findings of Dr. Dennis Morrison on nanomaterial (Jones, 2011). The information learned from his research helped Farouk Systems, Inc. develop the special coating on their ceramic plates of their hairstyling tools (Jones, 2011). One of the most popular of which is the CHI hairstyling iron. The planet I chose to live on is Kepler 22b. The purpose for living on this planet is to see if it is a viable solution to living on earth in the eventuality that earth becomes uninhabitable.   Kepler 22b is located in the Kepler 22 star system 600 light years away (Culler, 2011). It is located in the â€Å"habitable zone† in said star system. Kepler 22b is 2.4 times the radius of earth (Culler, 2011). Its host star (like our sun) is a G-type except smaller and cooler (Kepler 22b The New Frontier, 2011). The orbit of the planet to its star is similar to earths at 290 days (Culler, 2011). Not much is known yet of the composition of Kepler 22b, but it is theorized that it is made of rock and can support surface water. The climate on Kepler 22b is a very comfortable average temperature of 72 degrees Fahrenheit. This cooler temperature is because the sun type G star is cooler and smaller than earth’s sun.   The population size on planet Kepler 22b is 0 at the moment as no life forms have as yet been discovered on said planet. For my colonization, I would suggest a community of at least 10,000 people so as to support all facets of the operations and stabilization of the community. The impact on the social structure of the community would be a positive one. It would be a community where everyone could come together with a single purpose and goal in mind to achieve, regardless of race, sex, or economic status. The economic impact would be positive as well by creating thousands  of jobs in all sectors of society from the start to finish of the project. Kepler 22b is in the Kepler star system 600 light years away (Culler, 2011). Its distance from its sun is not known yet, but it is safe to assume that it is in a comparable distance from its sun as earth is from its sun. The length of the days/nights is not known at this time, but it is safe to assume that they are also comparable to earths. Kepler 22b is assumed to be very like earth, so we must also assume that there are large water masses and large land masses (Kepler 22b The New Frontier, 2011). This community will be built near the equator of Kepler 22b. I have chosen this location due to the average temperature on this planet is 72 degrees Fahrenheit (Culler, 2011), so this location will be the most temperate and tropical location to settle in and plant crops. A tropical location will allow us the best chances to take advantage of rainfall and sunshine for crop growth, water, soil fertility, our livestock we use for food, and the general comfort of our community. The population size of the community will be 10,000 people. The reason for this number of people is to ensure enough man power to build the community and keep it operationally sound once it is finished. The economic structure of this community will be communal as this is an experimental colony to see if life on another planet is feasible. No one pays for anything as everything will be provided by our earth government and rationed out equally per person until everything is up and running properly. Everyone will have a job to do that they are solely responsible for and each job depends on the next person and what job they are responsible for and so forth. What will be needed for survival: * 10,000 female dairy cattle * 20,000 beef cattle * 20,000 pigs * 40,000 chicken * Fishing supplies * DNA of all livestock brought with us for cloning of food supply * Enough grains for 2 years * Freeze dried fruits and vegetables * DNA of all grains, fruits, and vegetables for cloning * Seeds to plant all grains, fruits, and vegetables * Feed for all of the livestock for at least 1 year * Building tools * Building supplies (concrete, doors, steel girters, nails, cables and wiring, etc.) * Building machinery and equipment * Solar panels * Windmills * Water purification supplies and technology * Drilling equipment * Batteries * Clothing * Cooking utensils such as pots and skillets (enough for every person to have 3 sets each) * Personal hygiene items such as deodorant, shampoo, toothbrush, toothpaste (enough for a 2 year supply for each person) * One set each per household- couch, chair, coffee table, dining room table and chairs, bed for each person, dresser for each person, mirror * Supply of fresh water for 6 months The reason Kepler 22b was chosen was due to its close resemblance of earth by way of composition of its atmosphere, land masses, and bodies of water, as well as its approximation to its own sun (Kepler 22b The New Frontier, 2011). The specific location on this planet’s equator was chosen because it offers the most temperate location for the people to live as well as it being tropical so that we may take full advantage of the rainfall and/ or sunshine for our crops, livestock, and personal water supplies. Some supplies will be naturally available on Kepler 22b, such as water, air, natural gases, rock, sand, trees, and edible aquatic life. There will be a considerable amount of supplies that will be brought from earth so as to get us started, but we will have to cultivate our own for future use, such as crops, food, drill for water and natural gases. Since this is a temperate climate of 72 degrees (Culler, 2011), there will be little impact on energy use for air conditioning. At night there will most likely be a larger impact on the use of energy for heating and lights. The political structure will be set up and in place on earth before we ever leave so that it will be in place when we arrive on the new planet. The people chosen to be in a position of power over the others will not have absolute power and that will not be their only job. The people in power will also have a regular job in the building of the community. Everything in this community will be decided by a majority rules vote. The laws will be set and in place before they ever leave earth. They will be the same as on earth with one exception. If you break a law in this community, no matter how small, you will be exiled back to earth. You will never again be allowed back into this community and someone else will be sent from earth to replace you. The layout of our community can be rationalized in the following ways: * It is very basic for optimal functionality * To make as little impact on the host planet as possible * To make life seem as close to life on earth as possible for the mental stability of the inhabitants * To see if life on another planet is possible * To see if we can work cooperatively as a whole instead of individuals The transportation systems that will be used will be walking and/or teleportation. This decision was made to keep emissions from any type of vehicle polluting the atmosphere (also because carrying cars to a new planet seems impractical and antiquated). For our life support systems, they are designed to be very similar to earths in layout and functionality. The water system will consist of a water pumping/treatment plant and a pipework infrastructure to pump clean fresh water into buildings, businesses, and homes. The sewage system will consist of a separate laying of pipework infrastructure going to a sewage treatment plant that will also recycle the water, treat it, and send reclaimed water out to water the crops. We will set up farms of crops and livestock brought  from earth. But, we will also be able to fish for native aquatic wildlife as a food source. The pros of this plan are that since this planet is so similar to earth, we already know what to do and how to do it. Also that these systems have been tested on earth and proven to function properly already. The cons of this plan are that not a lot is known about this planet yet; so many assumptions have been made so this may not be a very feasible plan. We will also be altering the history and natural evolution of this planet and there is no way of telling what kind of impact we may have. Introducing non indigenous life to anywhere is usually never a good idea, so we also have no way of forecasting what that impact will be on this planet either.

Ethics and Negotiation Essay

?Negotiation is a pervasive features of business life. Success in business typically requires successful negotiations. In a competitive and morally imperfect world, business people are often faced with serious ethical challenges. Herboting suspicious abut the ethics of others, many feel justified in engaging in less-than-ideal conduct to protect their own interests. The most sophisticated moral arguments are unlikely to counteract this behaviour. We believe that this morally defensive behaviour responsible, in large part, for much undesirable deception in negotiation. Drawing on recent work in the literature of negotiations, we present some practical guidance on how negotiators might build trust, establish common interests, and secure credibility for their statements thereby promoting honesty. â€Å"We must make the world honest before we can honestly say to our children that honesty is the best policy† George Bernard SHAW What do we mean by ethics? Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right and wrong in a particular situation, or a process for setting those standards. And ethics grow out of a particular philosophies which; define the nature of the world in which we live and prescribe rules for living together. Why do people choose unethical behaviour? The first answer that normally occurs to us is that people are corrupt, degenerate, or immoral. In fact these answers are to simplistics; moreover, they do not help us understand and control our own behaviour, or successfully influence and predict the behaviour of others in a bargaining environment. Here were three primary factors motivational factors which lead negotiators to consider using unethical tactics: the pursuit of profit, the desire to beat an opponent in a competitive environment, and the need to insure or restore some standard of justice that has been violated. Three major categories of ethical conduct were used to describe the broad range of questionable negotiating strategies and tactics: means/ends, truth-telling, and relativism. The more e is committed to abide by certain rules and procedures, the more one believes that following the rules will eventually lead to the desired ends. The second group of tactics, relativistic vs. absolute, forces us to deal with questions of whether there are truly absolute rules and principles of right and wrong, or whether questions of ethics must be answered by each individual in his own personalized, subjective view of the world. Many authors have suggested that bluffing, misrepresentation or factual distortion is sometimes necessary in order to effectively negotiate; such behaviour, however, may well be seen by others as unethical and inappropriate. We believe that the negotiation process raises a host of ethical issues, more so than most other interpersonal transactions. Much of what has been written on negotiating behaviour has been strongly normative abut ethics, and prescribed â€Å"dos and don’ts†. We do not believe that this approach facilitates the understanding of how negotiators actually decide to act unethically. We believe this process can best be understood by a simple decision-making model. We proposed that a negotiator who chooses to use an unethical tactic usually decides to do so in order to increase his negotiating power. Power is gained by manipulating the perceived base of accurate information (lying), getting better information about n opponent’s plan, or undermining an opponent’s ability to achieve his objectives. Using these tactics leads to two kinds of consequences; first, actual attainment or non-attainment of these goals he was seeking; and second, evaluation and criticism of the tactics by the negotiator himself, by his opponent and by observers. Negotiators usually feel compelled to justify their actions –i.e., they know they have done something â€Å"wrong† and need to establish a â€Å"good reason† We suggested that the decision to use ethical or unethical tactics may be influenced in varying degrees by differences in individual backgrounds, personality, rewards or punishments associated with ethical or unethical actions, and the social and cultural norms that dictate what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given environment. We have made a number of assumptions about ways to judge and evaluate human conduct in the realm of ethics. We have intentionally avoided taking a strong normative stance, and have not tried to emphasize our own biases about what kinds of conduct are ethical or unethical. Instead, we have proposed several conclusions that can be drawn from research, experience and common sense: 1 Individuals will often disagree as to what kinds of negotiating tactics are â€Å"ethical† or â€Å"unethical†, and in which situations it is appropriate or inappropriate to use them. 2 The decision to use an unethical tactic can be probably best be understood as a quasirational decision making process in which a variety of personality and situational variables are likely to affect that decision. 3 In deciding to use an unethical tactic, a negotiator is likely to be most heavily influenced by what he believes the consequences will be for his choice: will it help him accomplish his objectives, and what kind of feed back is he likely to receive from others? 4 Negotiators who have used unethical tactics in the past, or might be considering their use in the future, should strongly consider three possible consequences of using unethical tactics: a Will they really help achieve objectives? b How will they affect the quality of the relationship with this opponent in the future? c How will they affect their reputation? Negotiators frequently overlook the fact that while unethical or expedient tactics may get them what they want in the short run, these same tactics typically lead to long-term problems and to diminished effectiveness. Rules of the game An assumption: every negotiation situation involves questions of ethics. What are the understood â€Å"rules of the game?† What is fair? What is just? What is legal? What is appropriate and acceptable? What is expected? Is ethical behaviour †¦. What is practical? What is expedient? What is efficient? What serves one’s interests or a client’s interests? What is necessary to win? Like the poker player, a negotiator hopes that his opponent will overestimate the value of his hand. Like the poker player, in a variety of ways he must facilitate his opponent’s inaccurate assessment. The critical difference between those who are successful negotiators and those who are not lies in this capacity both to mislead and not to be misled. Four major approaches to ethical reasoning 1 End-result ethics (results lens) The rightness of an action is determined by evaluating its consequences. Here the question is: â€Å"what will be the result?† 2 Duty ethics ( reputation lens) The rightness of an action is determined by one’s obligation to adhere to consistent principles, laws and social standards that define what is right  and wrong. Here the question is: â€Å"what will others think?† 3 Social contract ethics ( relationship lens) The rightness of an action is based o the customs and norms of a particular society or community. The question here is: â€Å"how will this impact others?† 4 Personalistic ethics (rights lens) The rightness of the action is based on one’s own conscience and moral standards the question here is: â€Å"what should I do?† So when in an ethical quandary we answer the following questions; What will be the result? What will others think? How will this impact others? What should I do? THE IMPORTANCE OF NEGOTIATION ETHICHS Commonly held assumptions reflect negatively on the ethics of the negotiation tactics of car salespeople, lawyers, horse traders, and other people who have a reputation of trying to influence folks into reaching agreements by misrepresenting facts. This kind of stereotyping has attached itself to people from different countries, ethic groups, or even as reflected in the expression from the 60s ‘Don’t trust anyone over 30’. Negotiation is about many things; one of its central elements is convincing others to accept the accuracy or reality of information that will influence their decision. Most negotiators know that it is, indeed, possible to influence people by lying to them. But good negotiators also realize that when other parties find out they have been on the receiving end of lies, the lying negotiator’s credibility goes down to tubes. There is an old expression ‘If you cheat me once, shame on you. ‘If you cheat me twice, shame on me.’ People who have been taken in by dishonestly resent  it; if they are able, they try to get out of deals where there’s been misrepresentation. In general, a general negotiator must make positive misstatement to be held liable fraud. First, when the negotiator makes a partial disclosure that is; or becomes, misleading. Second, where the negotiator acts as a fiduciary. Third, when the negotiator has important information about the transaction not accessible to the other side. Fourth, where required by statue. On the other side we can say that negotiation is not a competitive sport. In competitive sports, the object is to end up winning the game, the race, or the event. Negotiators who focus on treating other parties as opponents run the risk of ending up with reluctant counterparties to whatever agreements may be reached. Unless all the parties are fully committed to their agreement, it may well fall apart; in those circumstances the negotiation has failed. The ethics of negotiation should be based on several understandings; Reluctant partners make undependable partners so treating negotiation partners with respect and honesty simply makes common sense. Negotiators need to recognize up front that the only reason to use negotiation to resolve a conflict, agree on a project, or conclude a sale because other parties may be able to add value an individual or a single company cannot do acting alone. Transparency in the negotiation process is more likely to bring about buy-in than hidden agendas or tricky maneuvers. Other parties have feelings. Last understanding is the Golden Rule of treating others as you would wish to be treated has the bottom line value of increasing other parties’ enthusiasm about negotiating with you as well as their enthusiasm about the ultimate  agreement. Good negotiation ethics: honesty, transparency, respect for others are all genuinely pragmatic approaches to use. A negotiator’s reputation is not unlike that of a restaurant; if you have bad meal, you are not likely to return. And a negotiator with whom others don’t want to deal is effectively out of business. Negotiator also should understand four major approaches to ethical reasoning: end-result ethics, or the principals of act utilitarianism; rule ethics, or the principle of rule utilitarianism; social contract ethics, or the principles of community-based socially acceptable behaviour; and personalistic ethics, or the principles of determining what is right buy turning to one’s conscience. Each of these approaches may be used by negotiators to evaluate appropriate strategies and tactics. Consequently we can say that negotiation ethics is more important for negotiator that’s why negotiator should recognize ethics carefully. Also unethical behaviours are most important to the negotiator. Because when he or she faced with unethical behaviour he or she should find the reasons for unethical behaviour.

Differences Between Adn and Bsn Nurses Essay

Nursing Philosophy is the same no matter what degree of nursing that you have obtained. According to the American Nurses Association the definition of nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. (ANA). So no matter what degree Associates or Bachelors all nurses have the same goal when taking care of patients. Associate degree programs, begun in 1952, opened the nursing profession to a more diverse population than had existed with diploma and baccalaureate education. (Friberg). It opened it up to individuals that could not attend a four year college or a diploma program due to financial or location issues. This is how many nurses of today have obtained their Registered Nurses’ license. Today Associate Degree (ADN) programs are the major point of entry into nursing; as reflected by a recent survey of nursing programs and graduates, AD programs prepared more graduates than did the combined baccalaureate and diploma programs. (Friberg). As it states in the lecture notes Essentials of the Baccalaureate Education, for many students, the RN to BSN Program represents the next stage in professional development after many years of clinical practice. (Essenticials of Baccalaureate Education). Associate Degree Nurses’ have many reasons to further their education; some are for personal gain, professional mobility to be able to advance to a management or teaching position.There are few different ways to bridge from associate to bachelor degree. Attending a four year university, or there is strictly online courses as long as it is accredited to the state. More than 630 RN-to-Baccalaureate programs are available nationwide, including more than 400 programs that are offered at least partially online. These programs build on the education provided in diploma and associate degree programs and prepare graduates for a broader scope of practice. In addition, 161 RN-to-Master’s degree programs are available which cover the baccalaureate content missing in the other entry-level programs as well as graduate level course work. (ANA). Associate Degree nursing students have approximately one and a half years of prerequisites before entering an associates program. The associates program is approximately one and a half years with a combination of classroom and clinical rotations. These clinical rotations are like internships working with patients. After passing the school course there is a National test that has to be taken called National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). The Bachelor Degree Program started around 1909. Bachelor Degree nursing student has approximately two years of prerequisite before entering the bachelor program. The bachelor program is approximately two years of course work and clinical rotation. Bachelor students also have to pass the national test NCLEX. Obtaining a bachelor degree would allow the nurse to be more marketable in this economy, if they were attempting to obtain a different job. It would allow upward mobility into management and teaching positions. Baccalaureate nursing practice incorporates the roles of assessing, critical thinking, communicating, providing care, teaching, and leading. The caring professional approach includes the values of autonomy, altruism, human dignity, integrity, and social justice with unconditional regard for all people. (Grand Canyon). Nurses are professionals whether they are ADN or Bachelors of Science in Nursing. A professional is defined by certain criteria’s stated in the lecture notes Essentials of the Baccalaureate Education: * Functions at a high intellectual level * Possesses a specialized body of knowledge that can be learned at intuitions of higher education * Carries a significant level of individual responsibility and accountability * Values public service and altruism over personal financial gain * Functions with a high degree of autonomy and independence * Bears a strong sense of professional identity and a commitment to developing the profession * Abides by a code of ethics, which guides practice * Demonstrates competence and possesses a legally valid license for practice (Essenticials of Baccalaureate Education) The future of nursing will likely continue to demand nursing care that is innovative, efficient, cost effective, and responsive to human needs in all settings. (Friberg). No matter what degree that a nurse holds it is their responsibility to be the best and most informed they can be in their field of practice by continually seeking education and constantly leaning. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Fact Sheet: Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. 2012, http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/NursingWorkforce.pdf ANA. (n.d). Retrieved from American Nurses Association: http://www.nursingworld.org/FuncionalMenuCategories/FAQ.saspx Essentials of Baccalaureate Education. (nd).. NRS 430 Lecture 1. 2011 Grand Canyon University. https://lc.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?operation=loggedIn#/learningPlatform/loudBooks /loudbooks.html?currentTopicname=Nursing History, Theories, and Conceptual Model&viewPage=past&operation=innerPage&topicMaterialId=668495e7-02dc-4f87-b2a7-0b2b6b994892&contentId=90d8f604-cca7-4c82-ad07-b242bd698e6d& Friberg, Creasia and (). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice [5] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-0-323-06869-7/id/B9780323068697100017_p0295

To Kill A Moking Bird

Allow the speaker enough time to begin and finish his/her thoughts. (Do not be afraid of usually means thinking is occurring. ) j. Bring others into the discussion and ask others to elaborate on their responses. 2. Bring your copy of the paid questions to class. These questions must be completed before class begins. 3. Set a Personal Goal for the Seminar (Talk three times, allow others to speak, give someone praise for an insightful comment, etc. ) 4. Opening Questions a. Who is your favorite character? Why? 5. Core Questions (Analyze the text) a.Tactics tells the children several times that they need to walk in someone else's shoes before judging the person. Describe times when Tactics, Scout or Gem walk in someone else's shoes. How does this change how they view the situations? What role does this advice play in sympathy and compassion? B. Should Boo Raddled have been locked away in a mental institution when he was a teenager? Why or why not? C. At one point Gem describes four kind s of â€Å"folks† in Macomb County:†our kind of folks don't like the Cunningham, the Cunningham don't like the Ells, and the Ells ate and despise the colored folks. What does To Kill a Mockingbird teach us about how people cope with issues of race and class? Do you classify people in your world as different â€Å"folks? † Do you see those sort of distinctions today? D. In the last few lines of To Kill a Mockingbird Scout says, â€Å"he was real nice†¦ † And Taluses replies, â€Å"most people are, Scout, when you finally see them. † Do you agree that most people In the novel are nice once you see them? How Is Tactics able to see the good side of people despite all he has experienced? Can you? E.Rank In order of culpability (blameworthiness or responsibility) for the death of Tom Robinson the following characters: Bob Lowell, Mr.. Gillian (prosecuting attorney Male Lowell, Individuals on the jury, and Tom Robinson. F. What do you learn about the different attitudes toward Macomb's black population from the conversation at Aunt Alexandra ladles tea? How do these attitudes help explain Tom's conviction? G. When Tom Is being cross-examined by Mr.. Gilder he says, â€Å"l felt right sorry for her. † Why was this a mistake? Why is it that â€Å"nobody liked Tom Robinsons answer. H. One of the chief with Boo Raddled and the trial of Tom Robinson are not sufficiently connected in the novel. I. Why do you think Harper Lee divided the book into two parts? Do you think it worked effectively? Find evidence to support your assertion I. Why does the author tell the story through the voice of Scout instead of Gem, Tactics, or Tom Robinson? J. Why did Harper Lee title her book To Kill a Mockingbird? K. This book is continually banned from the high school reading list because of racism, sex, and foul language.Do you believe this book should be banned? Even though this book was published in the sass's, how can this book relate to to day's society? 6. Closing Questions a. Has your understanding of the novel matured or significantly changed through this discussion? B. What else did you learn during the course of the discussion? 7. Debriefing a. Did you meet your personal goal during the seminar? / What will you work on next time? B. Was there anything about the seminar that bothered you? C. What could we do to improve the seminar? D. What will you remember about the seminar?