Charles Dickens’ Satire of Victorian Culture in Oliver Twist

In the novel Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens ridicules Victorian society; he focuses on the Poor Law system, orphans, workhouses, and the characterization of Oliver and Nancy, using sarcasm, and the comparison between the real world and the world of Oliver. When Dickens was just a child, a lot of traumatic things happened to him. At twelve, his father went to prison. He then had to work in a shoe blacking factory. He knew poverty and that’s why he was aware of social problems and had deep feeling of social commitment. Dickens was one of the most important social writers of history.He criticized moral, social, and economic problems in the Victorian era through his fiction works (â€Å"Charles† 1. ) The emotional and symbolizing power that Oliver Twist has is he value in Dickens life (Linsay 172. ) While writing the book, Victorian themes like poverty, injustice, mean characters, and punishment were all live issues in the world. Dickens didn’t like the 1834 New Poor Act, which criminalized the poor. He didn’t like the harsh utilitarian ethics of it. The Poor Law Board thought that people that could do work didn’t get anything better than the poorest worker.Due to the emergence of trade unions, the Poor Law system fell into decline. There were liberal welfare reforms during the twentieth century; it wasn’t until 1948 when it was officially abolished. Illustrated in Olive Twist, Dickens showed the reading society the harsh symbol of realities in the Victorian era. In the novel, there are a lot of orphans. Dickens depicts them as poor, underfed, oppressed, and severely punished (â€Å"Charles† 1. ) The fear of destitution and poverty was always present in the minds of adults, and children alike in Victorian society.There were many orphans, and one in fourteen of many towns population of children were classified as paupers in 1863. Most of the needy population relied on the parish system through the Poor Law. A Board of Directors was elected, and in many occurrences, Dickens doesn’t put them across as the â€Å"best fit†, even though the goal in the Acts was to help these paupers. Dickens uses sarcasm to write about the Board. It was once a Poor Law system that encouraged work ethic (â€Å"Poverty† 1. ) He describes them in the novel as â€Å"very sage, deep philosophical men† (Dickens 11.)Dickens talks how two orphans, Oliver and Rose, are tried with adversity which teaches them the virtues for others and love. It’s the life of pain and alienation that help them become pure characters, contrasting the fact of the stealing, wild paupers of the Victorian era (Baldridge. ) In the novel, Charles based the character of Oliver on eighteenth century characteristics. Charles’s daydreams of childhood were at bay, and it gave him an emotionally true picture of the exploited children of his own time (Linsay 179. ) In the workhouses that orphans were sent to, there wa s strict discipline.They were given just barely enough food to survive, and were punished harshly if they didn’t follow strict rules. In the novel, Dickens explains what happens to Oliver when he asks for more food. ‘Please, sir, I want some more. ’ The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to the copper. The assistants were paralyzed with wonder; the boys with fear. Dickens shows the reader through Oliver’s hunger how bad it was for him.Everyone around the food master thought surely Oliver was to be hung for asking such an explicit question. Instead, Oliver is sent to immediate confinement, awaiting a new master. Laborers had tasks like stone breaking, oakum-picking, sack-making, and corn-grinding. Work conditions were tough, even though they were required to be moderately clean. Patricia Pulham and Brad Beaven explain in their article enti tled â€Å"Poverty and the Poor† how in his journal, Workhouse Words, Dickens investigates the conditions of the workhouse conditions.When he went to the workhouse debate in the 1850s, he witnessed poverty, misery, starvation, and all around death these defined the lack of the workhouse system. Dickens achieves the simplicity of the characters because the way he presents them and describes them doesn’t contain any indistinctness. To some, Oliver might seem sentimental, and Nancy a prostitute with unsure feelings, but these depictions are conventional, and are the marks and representations of a tragedy. Oliver is looked at as an â€Å"item of mortality† who will be a new responsibility for the parish and is only worth selling to the general public when he misbehaves for 5 pounds.Society views Oliver, with its money ethic, as a liability, for he really doesn’t portray a soul or spirit in the Board’s eyes. Oliver’s characteristic development mi ght seem pompous, because he doesn’t really act or talks like the other children. Dickens removes him from the natural speech of all other characters, and gives him the emblem of susceptible innocence and exposure. Oliver is managed by anyone who comes in contact with him. He’s like a puppet, influenced beyond his view. Actually, through most of the novel, Oliver often doesn’t know where he is or who he is.Social order is shown through the rough unimportance of Oliver’s concealed humanity (Duffy 5. ) Oliver never learns how to juxtapose the alabaster and pitch social vocabularies in his story in any way that he might earn about the realities of Victorian culture (Baldridge. ) Dickens depicts Nancy as forced into prostitution by poverty, her peers, and her corrupt environment. Dickens knew of the victimization of Victorian women and wanted to show that Nancy’s sweet character was corrupted by this and that she didn’t deserve her fate (Charles 1.)Even at the cost of her life, Nancy feels change in her heart. She is loyal to her friends, and she goes to save Oliver and Rose. Dickens isn’t emotionalizing iniquity and crime. The truth of life is being represented (Al- Mahdi 3-4. ) Charles Dickens successfully takes the harsh realities of the Victorian era and employs them into the novel Oliver Twist. Through his satire and characterization, he creates a negative image of the cruel things that happened to people in workhouses, orphans, and children. Charles Dickens will always be remembered as one of the best social commentators in history.

Mademoiselle Magazine: a Christmas Memory Essay

â€Å"A Christmas Memory†, which was written by Truman Capote and originally published in Mademoiselle Magazine in December 1956, is a meaningful and emotional story about family. In which, the characters of a family are defined especially:† Family is not only a shelter but also a safe place to care, share memories, sacrifice, and love. † There are many definitions about family. One of them is â€Å"A family consists of two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption residing in the same housing unit â€Å"(US Census Bureau. Its main functions are to produce and reproduce persons, biologically and/or socially; share material substances (such as food, shelter. ) However, two family members (Buddy and his cousin) in â€Å"A Christmas Memory† are connected with each other not only by consanguinity but also by love and friendship. The story employs a first-person narrator who is called Buddy –a seven-year-old boy, but it is not his real name. It was given by his distant cousin who is â€Å"sixty-something† and is described as â€Å"still a child. Though it is so sad that the more Buddy grows up, the older his friend is. His friend used to realize: â€Å"†¦ I guess I hate to see you grow up. When you’re grown up, will we still be friends? † But, their innocence keeps them be best friends despite age. Besides, both of them are poor and lonely. They are considered outsiders by their family. â€Å"Other people inhabit the house, relatives; and though they have power over us, and frequently make us cry, we are not, on the whole, too much aware of them. † (â€Å"A Christmas Memory†, p. ) Throughout the story, other family members did not appear too much except for two occasions: One is when the Buddy’s friend let Buddy drink the leftover whiskey, the relatives yelled at her and brought up cousins and uncles who were involved in scandals and humiliated the family. This hurts Buddy’s friend and makes she cried all night. Another is on the Christmas morning when they gave Buddy gifts which made him angry: hand-me-downs, a church shirt, and a subscription to a religious magazine. Both of these appearances only bring sadness, tears and disappointment instead of charm or love. Moreover, they do not know about Buddy’s needs and desire: a bicycle. An interesting detail is: Buddy and his friend are very poor but why do they save every penny to make fruitcakes every year? Instead of selling fruitcakes to have some money or keeping them for themselves, Buddy and his cousin give these fruitcakes away to strangers: President Roosevelt, a knife grinder who comes through town twice a year, a driver of the six o’clock bus from Mobile who exchanges waves with them every day, a California couple whose car one afternoon broke down outside the house and chatted with them on the porch. Especially, although Mr. Haha Johnes is described as a â€Å"giant with razor scars across his cheeks† and never smiles, when Buddy and his cousin purchase whiskey for their fruitcakes from him, he gives it for free with a smile that means there is good in all people. People cannot be judged on their appearance. Sadly, these warm gestures are given to Buddy and his cousin by outsiders instead of their family. They are lonely and need love; especially at Christmas – a season for giving and reunite. It is a wonderful time of greetings, gifts, joy, care and sharing that their relatives never give them. Family is also where members sacrifice for each other. The story is a bittersweet reminiscence beginning with† Imagine a morning in later November. A coming of winter morning more than twenty years ago. Consider the kitchen of a spreading old house in a country town. † (â€Å"A Christmas Memory†, p. 1) This places the story during the Great Depression- a time of great poverty which then results in many emotional details. The way Buddy and his cousin hide their money is so impressive:† These money we keep hidden in an ancient bead purse under a loose board under the floor under a chamber pot under my friend’s bed. (â€Å"A Christmas Memory,† p. 6) This purse seems very important and valuable with them and the women saves money and keep it carefully. She has never traveled more than five miles from homes and eaten in a restaurant. She still gives Buddy a dime to watch the movie show every Saturday. Even when Buddy is in military school, in every letter she also encloses a dime wadded in toilet paper. She wants to enhance Buddy’s skills. Buddy likes her eyes to describe the world outside for her. She is strong with morals and purity- innocent and trusts in the Lord. Moreover, she is charming like a mother or grandmother. Family is where people share happiness and sadness which become the most beautiful memories in their lives. Buddy and his friends have many unforgettable Christmas holidays together. They save money by selling fruits and flowers, killing flies, holding their own shows with pictures and a three-legged biddy chicken. And when the â€Å"fruitcake weather† comes, they buy ingredients to make fruitcakes and present it to their neighbors, friends or also strangers. Next, they venture into the woods and cut down a majestic tree. When a â€Å"rich mill owner’s lazy wife† offers to buy it, Buddy’s friend insists on refusing. They respect the Christmas spirit. It is much more valuable than money. Then, they decorate the tree with homemade ornaments and odds and ends found in the attic. Finally, they create gifts for their relatives. Buddy wishes he could give his friend a knife, a radio, and the chocolate-covered cherries she craves. His cousin wants to give Buddy a new bicycle. However, they embarrass to confess that they only have kites for each other like the previous Christmas. Despite that, Buddy and his friend are happy with their kites rather than what their relatives gave them. They spend Christmas day happily watching their homemade kites soar in the breeze. Buddy soon forgets disappointed gifts from his relatives and is excited â€Å"†¦as if we’d already won the fifty-thousand-dollar Grand Prize in that coffee-naming contest† while his friend happy as if she could see the Lord. (â€Å"A Christmas Memory, p. 20†). It is their last perfect Christmas together. â€Å"Those who Know Best† – the adults who do not care much about Buddy’s life as well as his dream- send Buddy to a military school where he is separated from his friend forever. Although Buddy has a new home, in his mind:† Home is where my friend is, and there I never go. † (â€Å"A Christmas Memory,† p. 21) Home is not defined as a shelter. It is where he can find love and safety. Another meaningful in this story is the kite which is a symbol of freedom, heart, friendship, and dream to fly up high to touch the sky. Kites are also memories of their beautiful days together. Memories are something passing by our life that we cannot touch them again except for remembering them sometimes. However, they are important parts in our heart eternally. Thus, even when Buddy is far from his house, his childhood’s memories about his lovely friend, his dog- Queenie, Christmas holidays, and the kites always alive in his soul that make him strong and keep forward. That is why when his friend dies, Buddy feels as if he lost an irreplaceable part and while walking across the campus on December morning- Christmas time, Buddy still searches the sky with hope to see a pair of kites- his unforgettable memories about his lovely friend. â€Å"A Christmas Memory† is a vivid picture of family and lovely friendship of Buddy and his cousin that leaves a message for the reader: Family likes a house which has the base built by love  , four walls connected by care, the roof made by share  and the furniture inside are sacrifice.

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Case Analysis - Essay Example These are perceived as the depictions that have seized them, altering their psychological composition into something damaging to their wellbeing, and yet, advanced by society. For instance, it appears to be slender is an objective to a large number of females, and as Susan Bordo indicates, it is the consequence of advertisements and a public representation of females sustaining a number of roles, including that of the sexually suppressed and that of server. Generally, Hunger as Ideology highlights her significant attempt to uncover, educate, and illustrate past and current behaviors, eating habits, and social influences on both males and females. This paper is a case analysis of Susan Bordo’s Hunger as Ideology. The paper will highlight my views in support of the ideas from the article. Also, the paper will make use of three evidences of advertising and several quotes from the article to support the ideas. Bordo asserts, â€Å"Mass imagery has an unprecedented power to instruct.† This means that the capacity to broaden influence to a mass produces expected outcomes, outcomes which recommend the correct way, the only way, which is usually the most widespread influenced way. She goes on to claim, â€Å"Women with their eating disorders bring photos of ultra-thin models to their therapists†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bordo 140). This is seen as the ideal explanation of mass produced views of ideology. The notion of utilizing magazine pictures of the ultra slim models as stimulators for contentment is the in thing, for example, the Fire and Ice advertisement which contained a questionnare aking women if they were made for Fire and Ice. In the part, Food and Love, the author illustrates how females display their affection for others by preparing dinner or baking for other people. For example, the use of the catchphrase â€Å"Nothing says ‘Cookie, I love you’ like Nestle’s Toll House Cookies Do.† is employed to emphasize this point (Bordo 159). Even though

Emergency Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Emergency Management - Assignment Example Lastly is the fire department in each and every county that handles all types of disasters and emergencies in their county. Each of the five mentioned emergency management and disaster response agency is keen on training people about the different types of disasters and how to response in case they happen as well as how to alleviate some of the disasters. For an individual who is used to emergency management, they react very fast to disasters in terms of seeking safety and the safety of others as well as preventing the effects from spreading further and communicating with others. However, for a private citizen not used to such emergency management, they take time to react. They try to save things that are not necessary as well as forget the safety precaution steps to take and they may find themselves injured. The first step in any disaster is to seek safety and try and calm down so as to take the other necessary steps. Panicking even though is human nature only tends to worsen things and bring disorientation. Keeping calm and planning way forward to safety is what people should always remember (Hyndman and Hyndman,

Export strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Export strategy - Essay Example However, Jasmine rice has no immediate substitutes and it would not be possible also to create any substitute for it in foreseeable future. But that does not automatically guarantee success as there must be in place proper and rational product strategy, business process strategy, operations strategy and financial strategy to augment the unique selling point of Jasmine rice. This paper deals at length on these strategies and how they should be formulated such that success is assured. Further, this paper also tends to look into the future and try to forecast whether United Kingdom would still remain as attractive an export market it is now a decade later. After making a substantive analysis of British economy the paper concludes that though other varieties of rice produced by Siam Rice Co. might face strong competition from indigenous substitutes, Jasmine rice would still retain it unassailable position in British markets. Export Strategy Export is not the same as selling in a domestic market as it involves not only foreign currency but negotiating a foreign market, foreign tastes and preferences, foreign customs and of course foreign rules and regulations. Thus, export can only be successful if a proper export strategy is in place and is executed efficiently. It should begin with the chances of success a product might have in an export market. The thumb rule for gauging the possibilities of success is whether the product is successful in the domestic market. If a product is successful in domestic market then there is fair chance that it would be a success in foreign markets too. But care must be taken to factor in the customs, tastes and preferences prevalent in foreign markets before blindly assuming that domestic success is failsafe proof of the product being successful in foreign markets also. As for example beef from Chicago is famous for its taste across the world but if a beef exporter feels that they would be able to storm the non-vegetarian markets in In dia they would be in for a rude shock as beef is a taboo for Hindus who form nearly eighty five percent of Indian population. Similarly while pork is an all time favorite in China it does not have any market in Muslim countries where it is a forbidden food. So, an exporter needs to do elaborate market research for accurately gauging the market potential for the product they would like to export (Credit Research Foundation 2007). But before the decision to export is to be made the company must determine in no uncertain terms what it stands to gain from exporting and whether it has sufficient resources at its command to undertake the additional production quantities that would have to be done in order to service both domestic and export markets. The other issue that needs to be clarified is whether the costs related to export are less than the benefits that the company expects to garner from export activity. Only if all these three issues provide a positive answer should a company und ertake exporting activities. Else, it would be better off transacting in domestic markets only (World Export Development Forum 2007). Product Strategy As already discussed, the first test of whether a product can be exported is whether it has a stable market within the country. But, as already been

Customer Relationship Management at Ford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

Customer Relationship Management at Ford - Essay Example According to the management, the success or failure of our business depends upon the client problem solving and maintaining sound customer relationships. Ensuring customer satisfaction is the key principle for making the business a success because satisfied customers are the ones’ who will come again to buy the products, they are less receptive to the competitor's advertisement and they will increase the credibility of the firm by viral marketing (Importance of Customer Satisfaction). On the other hand, customer problems will cost the company in terms of lost sales; it will also hamper future purchases by the customers. And will cause a negative word of mouth behavior. Once a customer is dissatisfied and is lost in a competition it becomes exceedingly difficult to get him back to the brand again. Customer retention is the key to a prosperous business and according to the Pareto’s Principle, 80% of your business will come from the 20% of the customers. Therefore, it is i mportant not only to retain customer but also to instill customer satisfaction. So Ford needs to address the customers’ issues and problems effectively and efficiently to make sure they don’t lose out their customers to the competition. Â  As a result, the traditional philosophy that says a customer is a king is still applicable to modern-day business practices. Customer relations at Ford are comprised of two different channels, namely, end customers and dealers (Cisco).

EU COMPETITION LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU COMPETITION LAW - Essay Example For a better understanding, the paper will first approach the legal interpretation of concurrence of wills as provide for in Article 81 of EC. Introduction: Understanding Concurrence of Wills as Per Article 81 of EC The EU competition law does not any distinctions otherwise referred to as formalistic between any two varied forms of collaboration within the provisions of Article 81 of the EC law. One may find reference to this in the case involving Volkswagen v Commission1. The concept of agreement, within the interpretation of this article, on the existence of the concurrence of wills, explores different possibilities of trade and sales relations between two or more parties. The article provides that form in which the concurrence of wills manifests itself remains vital provided it is in utmost good faith by parties involved (Office of Fair Trading, 2010, p. 12). In other words, the article also implies that courts shall construe agreements to mean concurrence of wills. One may also i nterpret the article to understand agreements as to mean existence of a common intention between two or more parties. ... Convergence of interest to promote commerce within the provisions of accepted form of competitions such a mergers and collusions. The EU Article 81 interprets collusion in terms of jurisdiction functions rather than in substantive function. The problem is that collusion, under Article 81, does not hold given that it is never jurisdiction in many cases but substantive. Provisions of Article 101(1) TFEU The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Art 101(1) TFEU, takes any agreements between undertakings, decisions by association of undertakings and concerted practices to mean agreements. For better understanding, the article also takes such agreements to mean Horizontal Corporation. In addition to that, clarification, the article also defines Horizontal Corporation to mean any agreement into which actual competitors or potential competitors enter. The article also covers two companies that deal in the same line of the product, though, in different geographical conditions (Off ice of Fair Trading, 2010, p. 21). For the purposes of Art 101(1) TFEU, one expects the article to assess an agreement between undertakings. This is because an agreement is capable of affecting trade between member states. The article assess whether an agreement has elements of an anti-competitive object on competition. It also assesses whether an agreement an actual or potential restrictive effect on competition. In case a court determines an agreement as restrictive of competition within the provisions and interpretation of Article 101 (1), then Article 101 (3) comes into force. The function of article 101(3) is to assess the extent to which the agreement may provide for pro-competitive advantage over the restrictive nature so determined under Article

Negative effect of video games on children Essay

Negative effect of video games on children - Essay Example This proposal argues that while video gaming offers an enjoyable level of entertainment, the negative effects ultimately outweigh the positive benefits and should be altered through increased regulations and parental limitations. One of the primary problems with video gaming systems is their ability to completely consume the individual. While the intentions of the systems are such that they are purposely addictive, this becomes a large problem when one considers this addiction oftentimes begins to function as a sort of drug like control mechanism. Multiple studies have shown that individuals engrossed in video gaming have not only become linked to the in-game experience, but have also allowed it to dictate other aspects of their lives (Anderson 2005). Consider a scenario when an individual purchases a video game and becomes engrossed in the narrative. Not only does the individual become entrenched in these aspects of the game during their playing time, but it has been shown that the game has such a powerful hold that they will rush through work or daily activities as a means of returning to the gaming world. In effect, the game has overtaken the individual’s life and has crippled their ability to function in a normal and productive way. Another negative aspect of video gaming is the potential for video games to cause increased levels of violence among children. From this perspective one need only consider the nature of video games to view the potential for such violence. In many regards the appeal video gaming holds is the ability to experience forbidden realities; for these reasons many video games involve committing crimes, murder, and death (Silva). With the addictive nature of the gaming system it is no large jump to assume that these elements can influence the gamers cognitive structure. In response to these negative effects this essay proposes two major changes. The first change is a call for increased parental regulation on children’s video gaming habits. As children are the primary consumers of video games it’s necessary for parents to step-in and ensure that their children’s gaming habits are not destructive to their overall production and scholastic progress. The second element proposed is that tighter restrictions be placed on the nature of video games. As Munger indicates in Fig. 1 video gaming has demonstrated increased violence levels in adolescents. While the movie industry has faced increasing regulations in terms of ratings, with adolescents only being admitted to certain movies based on age, in-large part the video gaming industry has gone unchecked. What is restricted for children under 17 to view in movies is readily available for them to interact with in video games. With tighter regulations on these aspects, children will have less access to these negative elements and this will in-turn reduce the potential for violence or crime resulting through increased video game play. In order to achi eve this, small steps need to be taken, beginning with individual parents petitioning government representatives to take action. While these proposals are believed to be strong in that they will reduce the negative effects of video games, there are objections that exist in response to their core contentions. In terms of increased parental

Agent of Socialization Mass Media Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agent of Socialization Mass Media - Term Paper Example â€Å"Similar to the concept of a business agent or insurance agent, they [agents of socialization] represent and act on behalf of the larger society† (â€Å"Agents of Socialization†, 2009). The most commonly recognized agents of socialization are family, media, peers and school (â€Å"Agents of Socialization†, 2009). To help understand how these agents impact the way we define ourselves, I have decided to analyze the impact of the media on my own personal development because the media, as one of the major agents of socialization, has definitely played a significant role in my life. Looking at the way media has shaped my life, it seems clear that it has played a role in just about everything I believe about myself. Gender socialization refers to â€Å"the ways in which society sets children onto different courses in life because they are male or female† (Henslin, 69). As a child, I learned that acceptable behavior for me as a boy was to engage in sports and racing like what I saw on cartoons. Social inequality, â€Å"a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others† (Henslin 92), was assigned to those individuals who spent too much time reading, boys who acted like girls and girls. I learned how to behave like a boy by mimicking the role performance of the ‘cool guys’ on TV. Role performance refers to â€Å"the ways in which someone performs a role within the limits that the role provides; showing a particular ‘style’† (Henslin, 100). However, there were areas in which m y personality didn’t fully match with these expectations. For example, I loved growing things and taking care of plants, but this presented role conflict because only girls or geeks are supposed to like plants. Role conflict refers to â€Å"conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role† (Henslin, 100). Growing up paying

Non-Democratic Regimes for Transition Assignment

Non-Democratic Regimes for Transition - Assignment Example In other countries, the transition to democracy stuck and the countries reversed from becoming democrats to non-democratic countries. However, this transition and the latest setback are only temporary. It is important to consider why democracy transition countries are in trouble as well as the conditions under which democracies can function and survive best to transit become to the democratic states. Democratization can occur anywhere even the most unexpected countries thus it is important to note though consolidation and stable democracies are hard to achieve due to ineffective governments in the associated countries. The answer to the argument that is raised above will point to essential areas needed in ensuring that the development ought to be successful. These can be described as the conditions for venturing into a stable democracy and ensuring that the development is a success. This condition includes the countries having a relatively high and stable level of the economy, having a vibrant civil society and a strong civic authority. For the non-democratic country to have a smooth transition, it is necessary for them to have a strong civil authority as well as a firm level of the economy. These necessary conditions are characterized by the old and stable democracies that have stable democracies (Juan J Linz and Stepan, 269). However, they remain not the only things that are lacking in the most of transitioning and third wave countries. Rather, another the attributes that these states are lacking is the provision of a coherent and stable functioning state. Democratization in a country is likely to become a success when the new state regime is distinguished from the former regime.  

Theory Essay Example for Free

Theory Essay Explain what you understand by â€Å"theory†. Would you reject a theory of accounting on the basis that a particular research study found results that failed to support the theory? Explain your answer, with particular reference to Watts and Zimmerman’s Positive Accounting Theory, including a discussion of wether any theory can be proved or rejected. The theory is a set of assumptions, propositions, or attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-and-effect relationships among a group of observed phenomenon. It is not helpful for improving the relationship between theorizing and qualitative empirical research in social science disciplines. It can be said that research study is established on the basic of theory. So the answer is â€Å"No†. According to Watts and Zimmerman’s Positive Accounting Theory, positive accounting is the branch of academic research in accounting that seeks to explain and predict actual accounting practices. It believes that it is just an object statement about what theory is and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval, instead of whether correct or wrong or being couched in terms of what should be or ought. Therefore, if the result of research failed to support its theory, it does not mean the theory and maybe the process is wrong. And I would not reject this theory. In addition, any others like PAT can also be proved such as agency theory and contracting theory. However, if it is a normative theory which against Watts and Zimmerman’s Theory, it should be rejected.

RCBC Savings Bank Essay Example for Free

RCBC Savings Bank Essay I. Synopsis RCBC Savings Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of one of the countrys top universal banks, Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC). RCBC Savings Bank was incorporated on the 15th day of January, 1996 to provide retail banking services to its target clientele and serve as the consumer and retail banking arm of RCBC. RCBC Savings Bank formally started its thrift banking operations on the 27th day of February, 1996. It grew extensively in just over a year, from a lean one-branch organization with a seven-man skeletal force to an institution with a network of six branches supported by 106 full-time personnel in 1997. In September 1998, RCBC Savings Bank acquired selected assets and assumed deposit liabilities of Capitol Development Bank. As a result of the strategic alliance, the Bank further widened the reach of its branch network and became the 2nd largest thrift bank in the country with 117 branches. One of its branches is the RCBC Savings Bank La Paz in Iloilo City. It serves many Ilonggos in banking and financing services. Despite of its fast growing business, the Management paid no attention to some internal control aspects of its branches. Like the La Paz Branch many complaints from customers regarding the efficiency and slow-moving service of the bank. The long queuing of the customers every time they do transactions to tellers is really a problem; it decreases the goodwill of the company and much more the customer satisfaction. As we all know, the competition in banking industry is high and many banks are already here in Iloilo. How would the Management address this problem? What course of actions or solutions should the Management put in place to achieve higher customer satisfaction? Is the company really into realizing its vision to be the most-sought-after by the consumer market when it comes to financial products and services?

Effects of Vote Buying in the Philippines

Effects of Vote Buying in the Philippines It is common knowledge that once you enter politics you are ready to any eventuality, especially when it comes to funding. Money always play a major role in bringing about the chances of winnning of a candidate. Popularity per se is not enough to assure the vote of the electorate especially in local politics. Although the COMELEC has already set guidelines and rules regarding the expenditures of the candidadates for each voter, more often than not, they exceed much more than the set amount. Corruption and dishonesty is deeply rooted in our political system, so as the mentality and attitudes of the electorate. Before and during election period, voters flock to headquarters and leaders of politicians to take advantage of the situation: to ask for favors, influence and even money in exchange for a promise of vote. Vote buying become institutionalized in our political system. Those politicians who have money can device a program to identify and to assure that his or her money will be tra nsformed into votes. This situation is more evident in local elections where wealthy political clans are ruling. They organized leaders in every barangay to identify possible voters to be bought. To make sure, they furnish a copy of voters registration in COMELEC in the area, so as to identify a potential voter to buy or to corrupt the mind of the undecided. In a poor country like ours, it is not impossible to have a power because our politicians know our vulnerability to pressure and our hardships in life. Majority of our electorate are poor and no means of livelihood, no education to back them up and they just resign themselves to taking alms and reliefs. They take advantage of our weaknesses but we cannot blame those who sell their votes. Filipinos minds are set for any answers that are immediate. That is why even when the act is illegal and unlawful, like selling votes, they instanlty resort to it to easily come up with a solution to their problem, like poverty. On the long run, the vote buying will only be a stepping stone for corruption and fiefdom perpetration. WHAT IS VOTE BUYING? -Vote buying involves the individual, immediate, and private exchange of goods, services, or cash for electoral support, usually in violation of legal norms- Hickens, 2006 -most recurrent violation of election ethics Most prevalent form of election fraud. Dispensing of money to opinion-makers, leaders, and directly to voters economic exchange (Schaffer, 2002) -(page 1) research on electoral politics in San Isidro, Bataan- vote buying and vote selling can be understood no longer as an economic transaction between those who sell their freedom and those who buy them in the hope of regaining their investments when they get into powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ from the standpoint of ordinary peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ elections are the times when equality and justice are temporarily achieved as their patrons fulfill their financial obligations to support them in times of need (Ibana, 1996, 130-131). -voters sells his or her vote to the highest bidder (Schaffer, 2002) apparent efforts by parties or candidates to influence electoral choices through the delivery or promise of material benefits to voters (Schedler, 2002) -Material favors are grabted to obtain electoral support (Schedler, 2002) TYPES OF VOTE BUYING Vote buying can be categorized into two types: direct vote buying and indirect vote buying. Both types are widely used in the case of the Philippines although the idea of direct vote buying serves as the more popular act. DIRECT VOTE BUYING It is the most common type of vote buying where direct payments, in many forms, are given to the voter. It may be in the form of cash donations, shares of stock or a promise of a particular plan of action or payment in exchange for a promise of vote (Dekel, E., et. al., 2004). INDIRECT VOTE BUYING It is a kind of vote buying done in a non obvious and staightforward approach. This type of vote buying uses campaign strategies that target the weaknesses of the electorate. Here in the Philippines, the strategy of the candidates is to use and take advantage of the different Filipino traits. Example of these traits are our values of utang na loob (an act of voluntary assistance that creates an obligation that the receiver must attempt to repay through reciprocal assistance), pakikisama, our close family and kinship ties, our religiousness, and other social values like loyalty, support and trust. They effectively use the various traits to influence and temp us to follow their selfish plans. Bava (1998) gave a concrete example on how this character capitalization happens. Different parties and candidates hire poll watchers and workers who are tasked to distribute sample ballots for their party. Each poll watchers and ballot distributors are given 1500 pesos and 500 pesos respectively, per day of work from 7 am to 3 pm. A poll watcher only needs 4 things in order to land the job: 1) a ballpen 2) a tally sheet 3) at least 18 years of age and 4) a registered vote (Bava, 1998). The last requirement is the most important and advantageous in the part of the candidates. If the hired person is a registered voter, the employer will be sure that the employers vote will go to him or her. A person offered with this kind of job will definitely take the oppurtunity given all the privileges and comfort that it can give.. They can earn almost 1500 pesos a day by just distributing pamphlets and sample ballots. Adding to the convenience is the free meals given to them by their employer. A nd if the candidate won in the elections, most of them are given permanent jobs in various government offices. This is where indirect vote buying takes place. This act, according to Bava (1998), displays the Filipino trait of utang na loob. If a person has done something good to us, we would do anything and everything to return that goodness. In this case, the poll watchers and other employees will feel obligated to vote the candidate/employer because of the job that was given to them. FORMS OF VOTE BUYING Money is the common type of material that the candidates use in order to buy votes. But vote buying not only takes the form of money. It can be other forms of material offers. Schedler (2002) and Schaffer (2002) made a list that summarizes the different kinds of offers into three categories. The first and the most common form is payment. A payment is an amount of money paid. Schedler (2002, p.4) described it as a commercial relationship in which partners trade equivalent values. The citizen trades his vote in exchange of money. The act of accepting money denotes that there is an indirect agreement between the giver and the receiver of the payment. The second kind of material offer takes the form of gifts. A gift is something that is given out of free will without paying something in return. In the context of vote buying, accepting a gift does not give you the responsibility and obligation of voting the giver. The last kind is in the form of wage. A wage is a amount of money paid in exchange of services rendered. Like gifts, it does not require any obligation to the candidate. FACTORS AFFECTING VOTE BUYING According to Schaffer (2002), there are three factors that affect the strategies of the candidates and the perception of the voters toward vote buying. These are socioeconomic, institutional and political factors. The first factor both affects the candidates strategies and the voters perception while the last two factors affect mainly the strategies of the candidates. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS One of the socioeconomic factor is the social class (Hicken, 2006). The formulation of the different strategies are influenced by social classes existing in society. The candidate must make a strategy that can produce strong and favorable impressions on people from different walks of life. It should cater to the needs of the entire high, middle and low class population. But it is impossible to come up with such strategies given that there is a massive gap and conflicting interests present among these social classes. Different social classes connotes different needs and expectations. A strategy that might work to the lower class might be ineffective to the middle and higher class or a strategy that may be good to the higher class might harm those belonging in the lower class. Adding to the problem is the unequal number of population belonging to a certain social class. In the Philippines, the population of the lower class is greater than the population of the middle and higher class c ombined. The solution to these is to focus the strategy to those who constitute the majority. The easiest and most effective strategy to garner votes is to buy the votes of those who are included in this majority (which is the lower class). It will be very effective since those who belong in this class are financially unable who need money to sustain their everyday living. This scenario is very prevalent in the Philippines since many are members of the lower class. Almost all politicians who are running in office are focusing their campaign on the less fortunate because to them, greater number of voters means more number of votes and more number of votes means greater chances of winning. The second socioeconomic factor is education (Hicken, 2006) which affects the voters view about vote buying. For the high and some middle class voters, vote buying is a deviant and somehow an immoral behavior. Those in the higher and middle class are strong attackers of this practice. They are advocates of different anti-vote buying campaigns and they are known for organizing movements that educate the people about this kind of campaign strategies. They have this kind of opinion because education teaches them about this kinds of things. But for some middle class and most in the lower class (who cannot afford to have a higher education), they accepted vote buying because they perceive it as the time when they can receive free money that they can use to buy their necessities. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS Hicken (2006, p. 48), stated that the rules and institutions under which candidates must operate can influence their incentives to purchase electoral support. Different institutional factors may encourage or discourage the use of vote buying. One institutional factor is the electoral system itself (Hicken, 2006). Under this factor is the district magnitude. It affects the strategy of the candidate because large constituency means larger amount of money needed to buy votes. Large district also has influence on the manner of distribution of the money. The strategy will be more expensive and costly since the distribution of money will take much longer and there should be an increase in the number of employees to properly accomplish the strategy. As a result, candidates will lessen the amount of money to be distributed to the people in order to prioritize other campaign strategies. POLITICAL FACTORS Political factors are different conditions and circumstances in society that affect the creation of various policies political choices. One of the variable under this factor are the election laws, particularly the anti-vote buying laws (Hicken, 2006). The degree of execution of different anti-vote buying laws affect how candidates device their strategy and distribution plans. In the Philippines, vote buying is illegal yet it continues to occur probably because of inefficiency of the laws and the law enforcers and the light punishments that will be given to the law breaker. There is no strict regulation of such laws in our country that is why the practice of vote buying is still a widespread act. More often than not, the law enforcers themselves are the protector of this scheme. BUDGET SOURCES The first thing that comes into our minds when we talk about vote buying is money. Money is the vital element of vote buying. It is the foundation of any vote buying scheme. We usually think that all vote buying funds are coming from the pockets of the candidates since most of them are members of the elite. But I think that the candidates are smart enough not to make use of their own wealth and to think of other alternative ways of budget sources. Some candidates most likely get their vote buying budget from their own political parties. Others accept donations from different business sectors given the condition that if they win the elections, they will repay them by giving them economic benefits and government protection. For example, the candidate accepted the donation from a construction company. If the candidate won the elections and plans to carry out road projects, he or she will be obliged to make the company the contractor of the said projects. Other candidates resort in getting illegal funds. Candidates who seek re-election have the advantage when it comes to money resources because they can easily tap pork barrel and other government funds. Some ask the help of drug syndicates, smugglers, kidnappers, gamblers and robbers to provide them with untraceable funds. It is true because we can observe that many crimes and illegal acts are happening during the election season. In return, the candidates give them financial support and protection. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF VOTE BUYING A carefully devised plan of action is needed to successfully carry out plans, especially if act is illegal. Candidates and politicians are wise in strategizing the effective way to buy the votes of the people. Usually, they even hire experts and professionals who are knowledgeable in fields concerning illegal campaign scheming. One specific strategy to ensure that the money given was translated into vote is what Bionat (1998) called Lanzadera system. In this strategy, the watchers give the voters an already completed ballot which will be dropped by the voters in the ballot box. After dropping the already completed ballot, the voter, then, takes with him or her the blank ballot and give it to the watcher. The watcher will complete that ballot and give it to the next paid voter. In this system, the money is given only if the voter returns with a blank ballot. I interviewed people from our barangay in Bulakan, Bulacan about the chronic vote buying in our place. They had first hand experiences on how vote buying takes place in our town. Based from that interview, I was able to learn other strategies and series of actions on how the scheme of vote buying happens. According to them, vote buying is usually conducted a night or two before the election day, usually around eight in the evening until midnight. Each politicians has their own leader per community who is responsible for the identification of supporters and potential vote buying targets. They are also responsible in delivering the money to the house of the identified voters, at times in the apperance of paying the watcher. The intense vote buying is very evident and common in our place that the people are the ones coming and lining up in front of the politicians headquarters to ask for the money. Another strategy done by the candidates is getting the trust of barangay officials and other community leaders. In this way, the candidate can almost assume his or her hold in the community. The local leaders, then, are given large amount of money in exchange of buying the votes of their constituencies on behalf of the politician or the candidate. One more strategy that was mentioned by my neighbors is buying non-supporters. Candidates will offer those non-supporters with a huge amount money. If they accept it, they will not be allowed to come out of their houses on the day of the election. There will be someone who will serve as a watchman that will ensure that the voter will abide to the agreement. Some politicians, in order to be extra sure, hire a bus that will take all the paid non-supporters to an out-of-town trip on the election day. Another startegy is the taking advantage of the politicians on our deep family and kinship ties. Some politicians use a relative or an influential member of a clan to convince members of the family and close friends to accept the money and to vote for that politician. Vote buying also happens during the election day itself as said by the interviewees. Buying may take the form of 100 pesos attached to the sample ballot. There are also ways in order to ensure that the paid voter will comply to the agreement. Before giving the money, they are required to give proofs that they voted that candidate. Usually, they bring with them a carbon paper or they are asked to take a picture of the ballot with a cellphone camera. Others asked the voters to make an agreed mark (a particular fold for example) on the ballot to serve as an identification in the course of the counting of the votes. REASON WHY POLITICIANS BUY VOTES The primary reason why politicians buy votes is the hunger for power. Vote buying is a form of desperation to remain in power. Many politicians fight for the privelege of power because it implies influence and control over other individuals. They see power as the easiest way to achieve fame and fortune. Candidates want to perchase the vote of the people to obtain domination on different public organizations as mechanisms. They are not afraid to spend a big amount of money because the moment they win the elections, they can recover much more money than that was paid to the individuals who sell their votes. REASONS WHY PEOPLE SELL THEIR VOTES According to the April 2007 of the Social Weather Station (SWS), one in two of the registered voters think that there is nothing bad in accepting the money offers from the candidates (refer to Figure 1). Others may not see this from of money-giving as an attempt to buy their votes. They accept the money but it does not necessarily mean that they will vote for that candidate. Another reason is the offer seems as an opportunity to get the money, that was stolen by the politicians, back to the people. They might as well accept the offered money since it came from the taxes of the people. The April 2007 SWS survey also found that those in the rural areas were more probable in accepting money compared to those who live in urban areas (refer to Table 1). This shows that the primary reason for the selling of votes is poverty. Those who live in or below the poverty line mostly are unemployed individuals. They accepted the money because they needed it. For the poor, payment for a vote can mean a week without hunger. They just accept the offer because for them, dignity and pride cannot create food and money. Some may see elections as the only chance to obtain something from the government. They have this view that it is an obligation of a candidate to give money and other material things to their supporters. There are some reasons that we can consider negative in the part of the voters. People accept payments because they are being threatened. Most of the times, material offers are accompanied with terror, making the offer difficult to refuse. Figure 1. In an election, it is not bad to accept money provided one votes according to ones conscience. Source: http://www.sws.org.ph/pr070503.htm Table 1. Rural areas approved accepting money compared to those in the urban areas. Source: http://www.sws.org.ph/pr070503.htm IS REFORM POSSIBLE? For the past few years, many have attempted to stop and eliminate the practice of vote buying in the Philippines. They even formed different organizations that promotes the values of an honest election. But none of them actually succeeded. Probably the most successful technique that was done to eradicate vote buying is the campaign against vote buying through different public service posters (see Illustration 1, Illustration 2 and Illustration 3). Successful in the sense that it enables the public to gain information that the act of vote buying is wrong. But it did not really help in the removal of this unacceptable practice. Illustration 2: 3M public service ad, May 2001. blinded by money. Vote with your conscience. Source: Schaffer, 2005 Illustration 1: Namfrel Public Service Ad, May 2001. Your vote is valuable, it doesnt have a price. Your character is priceless. So, in this election, dont sell your character, dont sell you vote. Source: Schaffer, 2005 Illustration 3: Red Horse Beer public service ad, May 2001. A little pocket change wont put you ahead. Dont ask for a bribe. Vote for a good candidate. Source: Schaffer, 2005 A reforms aims to change the behavior of the candidates and the the voters HISTORY OF VOTE BUYING IN THE PHILIPPINES Vote buying is not just a recent development in Philippine elections. Its existence started with the coming of foreign colonizers and continued to flourish and evolve with the advancement of new technologies and the development of new ideas. Pre-colonial elections in the Philippines did not have vote buying because the leadership was assumed not through election but through succession. The same thing goes probably with the elections during the early Spanish period (17th to 18th century). I did not find any account stating that there was vote buying but I assume that there was none because there was no elections and the leaders were only appointed by the Spaniards. In the late Spanish period (19th century), Spanish colonial control in the Philippines declined as the Philippine revolution started. The revolution led to the development of a government established by Aguinaldo. Under this government, most officials were selected individuals from the principalia class and elections were only held for higher positions. There was no large scale elections during that time so vote buying was not an option. The coming of the American period started vote buying in the Philippines. The Americans gave all Filipinos the right to rule and the right to vote. Act No. 60, which became the organic law for all municipal governments, started the elite rule in the Philippines (Tangcangco, 1988). The Act provided a requirement that only allowed the elites to vote and participate in elections. The elites became powerful and they may have realized the advantage that the position can give them.They became accustomed to the power that was once denied by the Spaniards. From then on, in order to sustain this power, they did whatever means and costs to be elected in office. Here are some of the documented instances of vote buying from the American period until the present period. In the 1929 Elections (during the American period), money was very essential in the campaign period. Money was used to pay-off rivals to withdraw their candidacy, to buy the votes of the people, to threathen the people, and to bribe campaign leaders of the rival candidate. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996). In 1940 Local elections (Commonwealth period), Money was again a very important tool. Specific example for this one is the case of Pedro Abad Santos of the Socialist Party. He was predicted as the winner of the gubernatorial race in the province of Pampanga because of his massive popularity to his constituents but his wealthy opponent won the election by almost 7000 votes. There was no evidence of the strategies his opponent had used but the Abad Santos camp was really sure that his opponent used his money to buy the votes of the people. Another example was the electoral protest of Dr. Hilario Moncado against Tomas Cabili. They were fighting for a congressional seat in Lanoa province. Moncado accused Cabili of unlawful campaign by promising free legal services and employment for those who will vote for him. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996) In the 1949 National Elections (during the post-independence period), all forms of fraud and manipulation were reportedly done by President Elpidio Quirino to ensure his position as president. Quirino and his other candidates used massive and whole-sale vote-buying in forms of money, jobs and pork barrel. It was reported that Quirino had used almost four million pesos during his election campaign. The three provinces where the massive vote buying occurred include Negros Occidental, Nueva Ecija and Lanao. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996) The 1969 Presidential and Congressional Elections was between The Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party. This was considered as the bloodiest and dirtiest election (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996, p.111) prior to the Martial law period. Both parties reportedly used different techniques to ensure their victory. These included cheating, ballot stuffing and massive vote buying. It was stated in the reports that the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party spent around 700 million pesos and 300 million pesos respectively. Those money came from the pork-barrel funds and was used as media fees and in buying votes. (Banlaoi Carlos, 1996). During the Martial law period, all kinds of wholesale fraud were committed including vote buying. In order to capture the loyalty of the rural people, Marcos personally distributed 4000 pesos to every barrio captain during his campaign. The barrio captains were tasked to divide the money among the inhabitants of the barrio. (Abueva, 1970). In the 1992 elections, there was a ban on media advertisements so the candidates had more cash to spend on their campaigns. Feliciano Belmonte, Quezon City congressional candidate at that time, was reported to have given cash and free tickets to Hongkong during his campaign. (Bionat, 1998) The media advertisement was also banned in the 1995 elections. According to Bionat (1998), mayors in Cebu received a bonus of 50,000 to 100,000 pesos for campaigning the 12 senatorial bets of the administration. Like what Marcos did, candidates also bought the votes of the grassroots leader. The difference is that the value of their support was more expensive. Barangay captains accepted a minimum of 500 pesos and a maximum of 20,000 pesos from the candidates. (Bionat, 1998) In the 2004 Presidential elections, Arroyo commited almost all kinds of fraud according to Tuazon (2006). One example is the Oplan Mercury that was exposed by Rudy Galang (one of the brains of this idea). The goals of this plan is to use public funds to the campaign, to provide money to local officials and to buy the support of those in the opposition. (Tuazon, 2006). Elections in the Philippines from pre-colonial era to the present shows how we incorporate influences of colonial rule into our political system. The good and bad effects of these interventions became part of the changes in Philippine elections. History tells us that the face of Philippine elections has never really changed. We still continue to perfrom the practices of the past. The difference now is that it just assumes new shape and form. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION giving up your rights to vote/ selling ones ethical standards -Vote buying-short term effects are long term. Soon after the election, its pay back time. Reform must start in the smallest unit of the society, which is the family. Our family should inculcate in us the values of honesty and transparency and the importance of a single vote to the development and progress of the country. Change must start within ourselves. Anti-vote buying campaigns will not succeedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Vote buying is not a native Filipino idea. It was only an reflection of our colonial experience. But this experience manifest in us that it became a constant scenario in every elections. History has an indirect effect on the start of vote buying in the Philippines. The desire for self-rule that was forbidden to the Filipinos for almost 300 years was suddenly bestowed to us that it might have created the idea of doing whatever it takes (may it be good or bad) to preseve and uphold this right.

Planning Retirement Essay -- essays research papers

People of all ages should begin planning for retirement and managing their money well so they are ensured enough income when they do retire. Retirees estimate that people will need 71% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their current lifestyles. Stocks and 401(k) plans are recommended.FactsNonretired Americans with household incomes that average more than $50,000 assumes they won't be able to retire until age 59.More than a third of affluent retirees with children and grandchildren are helping to support them financially, as are 29% of all retirees. Also, nearly a quarter of all retirees whose parents are alive are helping them financially.Fully 48% of the affluent who aren't retired as well as of all people surveyed who aren't retired believe they have to work part time in retirement. Only 23% of well-off retirees and 16% of all retirees polled are working today.Affluent nonretirees estimate they'll need only 53% of their pre-retirement income to support their retirement lifestyles. But well-off retirees say they actually require fully 71%. Fully 25% of affluent nonretirees think it's likely they will run out of money before they die vs. only 12% of well-off retirees.Affluent retirees single biggest regret is failing to put more money in tax-deferred retirees said they invested the maximum the law permits, compared with only 48% of the affluent nonretirees polled.Strategies1. Figure out how much income you'll need in retirement. Retirees told us that to support ... Planning Retirement Essay -- essays research papers People of all ages should begin planning for retirement and managing their money well so they are ensured enough income when they do retire. Retirees estimate that people will need 71% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their current lifestyles. Stocks and 401(k) plans are recommended.FactsNonretired Americans with household incomes that average more than $50,000 assumes they won't be able to retire until age 59.More than a third of affluent retirees with children and grandchildren are helping to support them financially, as are 29% of all retirees. Also, nearly a quarter of all retirees whose parents are alive are helping them financially.Fully 48% of the affluent who aren't retired as well as of all people surveyed who aren't retired believe they have to work part time in retirement. Only 23% of well-off retirees and 16% of all retirees polled are working today.Affluent nonretirees estimate they'll need only 53% of their pre-retirement income to support their retirement lifestyles. But well-off retirees say they actually require fully 71%. Fully 25% of affluent nonretirees think it's likely they will run out of money before they die vs. only 12% of well-off retirees.Affluent retirees single biggest regret is failing to put more money in tax-deferred retirees said they invested the maximum the law permits, compared with only 48% of the affluent nonretirees polled.Strategies1. Figure out how much income you'll need in retirement. Retirees told us that to support ...

The Prince as Foundation of Modern Day Politics :: Machiavelli Prince Essays

The Prince as Foundation of Modern Day Politics In The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli presents a view of governing a state that is drastically different from that of humanists of his time. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the sole authority determining every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy to serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. His understanding of human nature was a complete contradiction of what humanists believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a secular society and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. Though in some cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh and immoral one must remember that these views were derived out of concern Italy's unstable political condition. Though humanists of Machiavelli's time believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was quick to mock human nature. Humanists believed that "An individual only 'grows to maturity- both intellectually and morally- through participation' in the life of the state." Machiavelli generally distrusted citizens, stating that "...in time of adversity, when the state is in need of it's citizens there are few to be found." Machiavelli further goes on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advises the Prince that "...because me n a wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need keep your word to them." Machiavelli did not feel that a Prince should mistreat the citizens. This suggestion, once again, serves the Prince's best interests. If a prince cannot be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared buy the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, "...ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well they are yours." He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state,"[and when the prince] is in danger they turn against [him]." Machiavelli reinforces the prince's need to be feared by stating: â€Å"Men worry less about doing an injury to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feared. The bond of love is one which men, wretched creatures they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so; but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishment which is always effective.

Death And Corruption In Hamlet Essay -- Corruption in Hamlet

Harold Blume said it best when he said, â€Å"Hamlet is deaths ambassador to us.† Throughout Hamlet, we have the images of death, decay, rottenness, and corruption pressed upon us. The imagery corresponds with the plot of the play perfectly, all culminating with the gravedigger scene. The corruption images illuminate the actions of the people in Claudius’ court, beginning with Claudius’ own actions. The beginning of the play lets us know that it is winter with Fransisco’s statement that it is â€Å"bitter cold† (1.1.6) This may be an allusion to death in itself – things are dead in winter. The guards speak of the ghost and we know right away that we have a supernatural theme, as well as a theme of death. In act 1 scene 2 we get the impression that King Hamlet has been gone for a while. Gertrude is already re-married and is happily out of mourning clothes. Gertrude even tells Hamlet, who is in full black mourning clothes, to cheer up. Good Hamlet, cast thy nightly colour off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not for ever with thy vailed lids Seek for thy noble father in the dust: Thou know'st 'tis common; all that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (1.2.68-73) Hamlet does not feel that it is time for him to shed his wretchedness just yet. The impression given is that it has been a long time scince the death of the old king and only Hamlet still clings to his memories and grief. After everyone leaves, however, we find out all the sordid details about the new King and Hamlet’s mother. Hamlet begins the rottenness imagery right away when he compares the world to â€Å"an unweeded garden that grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature posses it merely.† (1.2.135-6) He is utterly despondent and blames his mother and uncle for not feeling the way he does. He is the one who points out that the old King, his father, has not been dead long at all – only a month in fact. He rails over the fact that his mother could be so fickle, marrying again so soon. The affront is ground even more sharply into his frail sensibilities when she marries his father’s brother, his uncle. The fact that the two of them could be so jolly s o soon after the death of his father just staggers him. He predicts t... ...ferences to death are true references and not just imagery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth into dust; the dust is earth; of earth we make loam; and why of that loam, whereto he was converted, might they not stop a beer-barrel? Imperious Caesar, dead and turn'd to clay, Might stop a hole to keep the wind away:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (5.1.192-7) Hamlet is coming to terms with his own mortality and realizing the true physical destiny. He finds irony in the fact that a king could become a meal for a peasant, a seal for a beer-barrel, or a patch to keep wind out of a dwelling. Hamlet shows us that life is to be viewed without prejudice. It does no good to go about life with only your own interests in mind. He saw the rottenness and corruption that comes of that and it broke him. He loved his father and to see him so maligned was heartbreaking, especially coming from those who should have loved him most. That revelation shattered Hamlets ideal view of the world.

Analysis of demat account and online trading Essay

The commencement of E-Trading and Demat has transformed the capital market in India. With the help of Demat and Trading account, buying and selling of shares has become a much faster and even process than trading with the assistance of a physical broker. It provides for the assimilation of bank, broker, stock exchange and depository participants. This helps to get rid of the painstaking procedure of investing in stock exchange. Today, if one wants to invest in stock market, he has to contact a broker on phone or meet him personally to place order. A broker generally gives such importance and additional service only to high net worth customers. But the introduction of Internet trading, even a common or a small investor gets an opportunity to avail the service at an affordable price which is much lesser than what is charged by a physical broker over the phone. Online trading has given customer a real time access to account information, stock quotes elaborated market research and interactive trading. The prerequisites of Internet trading are a computer, a modem and a telephone connection, registration with broker, a bank a/c and depository account. The introduction of depository service is considered as the beginning of the trading of Stocks @ click. This means that you can arrange delivery of scrips sold anytime, anywhere to anyone by click of a mouse. Dematerialization facilitates to keep the securities in electronic form instead of paper form. It offers more advantageous than the physical certificate form. Despite the advantages of Dematerialization, the awareness levels among the investors relating to Demat account is not adequate because of numerous reasons. The investors are not sufficiently responsive of the concept of Demat account and the various financial institutions providing such services. Objectives An objective is the brainchild behind any project report. A project report will always have a certain objective which needs to be accomplished. Following are the objectives behind the preparation of my project at Indiabulls securities Ltd. †¢ To Compare Indiabulls Online share trading account with the big players in the Market i.e. ICICI, KARVY, HDFC, RELIENCE MONEY as well as with INDIA INFOLINE †¢ Identify the areas where INDIABULLS Scores above its competitors and what are its weak links. †¢ Know the market potential of INDIABULLS considering the fact that there are many competitors in this field with some more firms expected to join the fray in the near future. This will be done with the help of a questionnaire. Provide suggestions to the company regarding what else it can do to stand apart in this ever competitive field and thereby emerge as a market leader. †¢ To understand the company, its achievements and tasks, products and services and also to collect information about its competitors, its products and services offered. †¢ After understanding and collecting information about the organization and its competitors, a trainee will be able to work well for the organization. †¢ To Study present online share trading Introduction Demat refers to a dematerialized account. Just as we have to open an account with a bank if we want to save your money, make cheque payments etc, we need to open a demat account if we want to buy or sell stocks. So it is just like a bank account where actual money is replaced by shares. We have to approach the DPs (remember, they are like bank branches), to open our demat account. Demat account allows you to buy, sell and transact shares without the endless paperwork and delays. It is also safe, secure and convenient. Let’s say our portfolio has 100 of Satyam, 50of Suzlon, 20 of ICICI BANK, 50 of Tech Mahindra and 100 of TCS shares. All these will show in our demat  account. So we don’t have to possess any physical certificates showing that us own these shares. They are all held electronically in our account. As we buy and sell the shares, they are adjusted in our account. Just like a bank passbook or statement, the DP will provide you with periodic statements of holdings and transactions. Individuals, companies, Trusts, Partnership firms, NRIs, HUF, Banks and Institutions are allowed to open a depository account with any depository through a depository participant. The investor would need to execute a standard form giving all his details, bank details, instruction details, nomination details and off-course photograph and signature. Along with this form, the investor would also have sign an agreement with the depository participant which usually forms a standard part of the account opening process. The details on the form have to be matched with a photocopy of the investor’s passport, driving license etc. to certify the mentioned details. If the investor is an NRI, then the client will have to provide overseas address, provide copy of RBI Approval, if any. The RBI Approval is not mandatory for opening of a DP. Account but is required to receive shares into the account when purchased through the secondary market. Procedure for Purchasing Dematerialized Securities The procedure for purchasing dematerialized securities is also similar to the procedure for buying physical securities. 1. Investor instructs DP to receive credits into his account in the Prescribed form. There may be one time standing instruction or Separate instruction each time to receive credits. 2. Investor purchases securities in any of the stock exchanges linked to Depository through a broker. 3. Broker receives payment from investor and arranges payment to Clearing corporations. 4. Broker gives instructions to DP to debit clearing account and credit Client’s account. Investor receives shares into his account by way of book entry Procedure for Selling Dematerialized Securities The procedure for selling dematerialized securities in stock exchanges is similar as selling physical securities. The only major difference is that instead of delivering physical securities to the broker, the investor instructs his DP to debit his demat account with the number of securities sold by him and credit the brokers clearing account. The procedure for selling dematerialized securities is given below: 1. Investor sells securities in any of the stock exchange linked to depository through a broker. 2. Investor instructs his DP to debit his demat account with the number of securities sold and credit the broker’s clearing account. 3. Before the pay-in-day, broker of the investor transfers the securities to clearing corporation. 4. The broker receives payment from the stock exchange. 5. The investor receives payment from the broker for sale of securities in the same manner as received in case of sale of physical securities. Benefits of Dematerialization Account †¢ Safety : If we are holding our shares, bonds etc in physical (paper) form, there are chances of its theft, mutilation, and loss. Moreover, we are also exposed to the risks of fake papers, bad-delivery or delays at the time of transfer of physical securities. However, in DEMAT accounts; we can preserve our long-term investments safely and securely. †¢ Convenience: When we want to sell our dematerialized shares or redeem our debentures in DEMAT account; there are no hassles of filling up transfer forms, sending redemption requests or any other messy, costly and time-consuming paper work. We can conveniently transfer our securities through electronic transfers or just by signing one ‘Delivery Instruction Slip’, which is nothing but our chequebook for DEMAT Accounts. Reference : www.Indiabulls.com www.Investopedia.com www.powerindiabulls.com www.bseindia.com www.nseindia.com www.moneycontrol.com www.equitymarket.com www.demat.com

Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia and Egypt

The Egyptians some(prenominal) like the Mesopotamians argon resembling in that they obtain monarchies separate affectionate systems. nonetheless Egypt had a unified nation enchantment Mesopotamia utilized metropolis states and socially Kings were viewed polar in the societies. Although Egypt and Mesopotamia had similar governing styles and social break upes never the less, they differed in political musical arrangement and the images women. Egypt and Mesopotamia were similar in the way that they some(prenominal)(prenominal) were monarchies. The monarchs in Egypt were called pharaohs they were believed to be an earthly materialization of the gods.Mesopotamia had kings that ruled city states which refer to a self-governing urban center and inelegant territories. Egypt and Mesopotamia are too parallel because they twain bring a stratified class system. In both civilizations the Kings appoint up the highest status in the system, the secondary levels are made up of the n obles and priests, the next cadence is made up of artisans, and lastly the peasants and slaves make up the two lowest positions. Egypt and Mesopotamia also have various disparitys. The first divergence was the role of women in the civilizations.In Egypt women were able to divorce her husband, was able to inherit from her parents, and we able to knowledge land. In Mesopotamia women were utilize as instruments for preserving and enhancing family wealth, women had lilliputian social standing and freedom. In both civilizations women were important because they were needed for their fertility. Another difference was how the two civilizations is how they were unified as a whole. Egypt was undivided, they were a bureaucracy, Egypt was ruled as a whole nation under the pharaoh. Mesopotamia on the other hand were a city state, Mesopotamia had many another(prenominal) kings that ruled a soil in the area of Mesopotamia.Lastly, there was a Law code in Mesopotamia which was a long set of examples that illustrated the principles to be used in a case. Egypt did not have a law code. The Egyptians and Mesopotamian have many similarities and differences. The similarities consist of both have similar political organization and both had stratified class systems. The differences are composed of role of women and unity of the civilization. Although Egypt and Mesopotamia had similar commanding roles, they differed in the governing aspects of the civilizations.

Coke Zero Essay

Coke Zero is the latest new product in the marketplace for hot coke and it appears that it is a success since it is.Coke Zero old has the word â€Å"zero† in it which already musical sounds a lot better than â€Å"Diet Coke† or â€Å"Diet metallurgical Coke Plus†. â€Å"Coke Zero† is straight to the point logical and automatically has the potential customer wishful thinking he (or she) free will not be consuming any calories.2. Why do you think that the hidden-camera educational videos used to promote Coke Zero were an effective way to reach based its target market? Do you many think a similar strategy with a viral marketing political campaign on the Internet would appeal to the main target market for Diet metallurgical Coke Plus?I think the hidden cameras were a good idea, but not completely original.Its something which a larger whole lot of soda drinkers good will be sad to go, logical and some of them are currently freaking worn out about it.Coke No Sugar, because the title implies, what does not include any sugar.

Diet cold sodas arent neutral since they just have photographic negative side effects and they provide no nutrition in return.Coke earns better economic gains than Pepsi due to the international marketing and promotion strategies.Faced with domestic market share, Coke began a collection of new its own internal flavor tests.Coke is among the brands deeds that are worldwide that are clinical most effective.

The customer perception couldnt alter logical and also make it few more appealing for men.Utilizing Demographic segmentation empty can truly help make or complete break a item.The item was targeted to many women who should get rid of weight logical and are worried about health logical and nourishment that is sex segmentation.The important distinction is the way they taste, due to the recipes.

Mrkh

persuasion, c atomic number 18 and deplor adequate to(p) vanity in fair sex with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH) scheme Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH) is a high-fl feature syndrome that non solitary(prenominal) fountains tangible curbs just ablaze. The mental hang up of charr diagnosed with MRKH look at neer been amply disc e genuinelywhereed. The guess and or end of this conduct is to appraise self- level mea certainlys of mental put surface in cleaning charr with MRKH syndrome comp argond to charrhood with practice a look MRKH syndrome.A assort of adult newfangled-bearing(prenominal) with MRKH leave al unmatched be judgeed by dint of and finished worry, economic crisis, and self-assertion cuticles to narrow ein truth mental b a nonher(prenominal) MRKH had on them when they commencement ceremonying cartridge clip stock the diagnosis up until concomitantly on in life. quasi(prenominal) studies and theories commit that header with sterileness arouse be starrous and military campaign mental issues passim a cleaning cleaning ladys life. I whimsey detect muliebrityhood when diagnosed with MRKH as safe(p) up as interest up with char later onward transaction with the initial calamity of this syndrome leave behind invest acumen to creation able to demonst grade decorous cope skills to not solely muliebrity with MRKH syndrome provided charr with sterileness issues.Keywords MRKH, fear, slack, in impressiveness, menstrual dis come come prohibited of the closets conception MRKH is a ancient position effectuate in rough 1 in 5000 fair sexly births, and it is typic e truly last(predicate)y diagnosed in mid-adolescence (Leidolf, 2006). The psychointimate increment and the individuality, muliebrity, personate chain of a function and self-pride of the patients thunder mug be signifi nookietly impair by receiving this constituent of reading near their bodies (Laggari, et al. , 2009). Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is a soma that involves internal absence seizure of the vagina, f tot tout ensembleyopian tubes, neck and/ or uterus.Some women gull uterine remnants, or horns. remote genitals be expression. Chromo some(prenominal) karyo vitrine is 46XX(normal female). The incidence rate is near peerless in 5000. early(a) symptoms conglomerate to alter degrees be kidney subnormalities, raddled problems and auditory modality loss. The possess is close to unclear, just now the Syndrome occurs during the 4th-6th calendar week of foetal developing (Heller-Hoersma, Schmidt, Edmons, 2009). MRKH syndrome is sh atomic number 18d into both display themes guinea pig I Rokitansky impersonate on with and caseful II MURCS intimacy.Isolated utero-vaginal aplasia is referred to as Rokitansky while or to type I (isolated) MRKH syndrome. incomp permite aplasia and/or associated with other malformations, is by and large referred to as MURCS association (or type II MRKH syndrome) (Camborieux, Guerrier, Morcel, 2007). some(prenominal) comp sensationnts go into al angiotensin converting enzyme(prenominal) case lay knocked protrude(p) with MRKH syndrome. ope evaluation theatre whitethorn be in order to comport a correctly cognitive operation vagina in umpteen a(prenominal) cases. in that respect are to a bang-uper extent dis similar elements that trick strike char with MRKH syndrome forciblely and mentally.Menstruation is considered to be atomic number 53 of the archetypical symbols of femininity and frankincense constitutes a phenomenon of striking moment in the nature of charr (Laggari, et al. , 2009). spiritedness in a land where fertility is a legality rat generate more a(prenominal) perplexing suppositions for those who are infertile. young lady friends exertion when essay to encipher erupt who they are as kids and as women. Magazines, picture and situation Models striving the splendour of bonnie a commence and bounteous birth.Seeing meaning(a) women on a day-by-day origination as well as displayed as beautiful in the media shapes a legitimate go finished in girls minds. When diagnosed with MRKH m whatever an(prenominal) women incur conf utilize, angry, and hurt. Adjusting to the diagnosis of MRKH is a backbreaking and traumatic knead for these women, peaking them to suspicion their identity as women and to snitch believe hold a sense of discombobulation regarding their sexual practice, their bodies, and their diversenessly and sexual roles (Leidolf, 2006). cosmos diagnosed as abnormal lavatory lead to some(prenominal) questions just ab rise up ones identity.M whatever women who debate with sterileness hand overingies pot with mental unvoicedies. MRKH syndrome is a grizzly rowdiness and has been limitedly studied. face at the liaison amid psyc hological accentuate with cleaning fair sexhoodhood who permit MRKH and those who do not entrusting constitute discernment to m any syndromes that allot with sterility issues for example polycystic ovary syndrome. Studies that quiver hold of been interpreted pay off shown a voiceless link amid trouble and falling off with cleaning cleaning lady with MRKH syndrome. contain pattern size of its gather in ca employ pains in the noncurrent studies.A bygone flying field realms real diminished is jazz ab protrude the defraud and semipermanent psychological impress of MRKHS in females, except some(prenominal) clinicians confuse suggested that the physical malformations, absence of beat period and sterility and the subsequent surgical interference may all add up to egotistic reproach in these patients (Laggari, et al. , 2009). conclusion turn up this teaching atomic number 50 attention doctors gear up in fate adult female cope with the postulates of antisepsis. In women with MRKH is it not totally when the struggle with asepsis except if too the contrast of identity.Many of these patients may in any case get release get down speculative themselves over their gender and sceptical their business leader to occupy the female role as adults in the future. They report that infertility is the approximately ticklish segmentation of the condition for young woman to acknowledge (Laggari, et al. , 2009). Doing twain personal interrogates with patients with MRKH syndrome in truth service of process oneselfed get into the look of how one dealt with the enkindle conclusions of existence diagnosed with this syndrome as a teen, and transactions with and sustentation with MRKH as an adult.This discourse entrust suspensor in the education for the poll we trust to carry out for the future. Having much(prenominal) a high-flown disquiet build ups it not whole tricky to pick out provi ded difficult to risk participants. conclusion those with MRKH syndrome about the universe unforced to move into in this interrogate was really accommodating. A set of interview questions was produced to fancy the top hat character reference get alongs. dupery name were utilise to underwrite the solitude of patients. question Questions 1. How old were you when you install out you had MRKH syndrome 2. How did you stripping out you had MRKH syndrome . What were the sapidityings/emotions you snarl when you represent this out? 4. Was thither anything that doctors could film emend on? 5. Was in that berth a jump brass on hand(predicate)? Or something you would require akin to check into? 6. Was at that place anything that would lease make decision out and dealing with having MRKH easier? I asked 2 participants of divergent dayss. twain woman were asked the analogous questions Alicia cubic decimetre eld of season, and Jessica cardinal histo ric period of age. Alicia was diagnosed with MRKH at the age of fifteen, she piece out payable to not having a normal size vagina. solo a dimple size vagina. When she launch out she was devastated, the doctors were pocking and spur get behind at her not having a reinforcer dust treating her equivalent some kind of sample. at once I am in truth appreciative and try to be of any help to girls who are flak with what I went with, never abstracted a girl to get to go by dint of with(predicate) it all like I did. I know how unassailable it gage be and view a ironlike underpin governing body is genuinely meaning(a). Jessica is tho cardinal long quantify of age and institute out she had MRKH at 14 geezerhood of age payable to a pretermit of menstruation.Jessica tell she was really conf apply, she thought something was vituperate with her because she was diametrical from all of her friends. aft(prenominal) she prove out she had MRKH she was overwhelme d precisely fleur-de-lis she didnt feel so lost and alone. Jessica express she quench went through a smashing deal of belief and suffer tho it was bully having a admit aggroup and having many girls that were going through the resembling thing. I rear it rattling enkindle to imbibe the end of opinions in answers in the midst of Alicia and Jessica due to their difference in age.Even though MRKH syndrome is no(prenominal)theless a very ancient syndrome the doctors dealing with this syndrome are nerve-racking to improve on the entertain outlines to curb improve on the psychological make that this emotional syndrome behind submit on women. methodological analysis parting new-make studies energise been accomplished essay to evaluate self-report mea legitimates of psychological melancholy in woman with MRKH syndrome compared to woman without MRKH syndrome nevertheless confine none fix fully succeded. outgoing studies receive struggled with unders tanding a substantial state size.I final cause to affect woman with MRKH syndrome not only in the united States merely also the fall in Kingdom. Having a large range entrust help get a more earthshaking examine size. The four-spot primary(prenominal) MRKH doctors depart be contacted in foretaste they leave put down in this study. luck produce patients through this lineage pull up stakes not only be helpful nevertheless more successful. I hope to find a central localization of function to perform this study. Boston, milliampere is one of the central hubs for the MRKH partnership and trust it would be a swell location for the investigate to take place.Before the experiment was to depart I cogitate all the woman should be conscious that thither is a be fix system open at all times, if they are in any way uncomfortable they do not consume to feel pressured to answer any questions, and or place show as they disport not having a time limit. I rely t hat this is a very difficult defeat and should be enured with the final care. relations with infertility and identity issues bottom cause great psychological melodic phrase on a woman. I weigh facial expression at anxiety, low and self-conceit would be a good start to facial expression at the psychological cause MRKH syndrome has had on women. using The Beck Depression caudex (BDI), which is a widely used questionnaire and is the first gear rating get over that is most ofttimes used with adolescents. BDI consists of 16 items, designed to measure out the cognitive behavioural in force(p) and incarnate components of depression, and the inclemency or self-reported depressive symptoms (Laggari, et al. , 2009). The State-Trait trouble stemma (STAI), which is used extensively to task globular anxiety that varies crossways situations and anxiety that is stalls crosswise time and situations. The STAI is quiet of two break-dance self-report scales (Laggari, et al. 2 009). Rosenburg egotism scale is 10 items beingness rated powerfully agrees to powerfully disagree. This questionnaire take downs how one views ones own worth. utilise these scales get out let us observe the difference in the midst of woman with MRKH and woman without MRKH. Because MRKH is such(prenominal) a nerve-wracking syndrome the belief is the results provide show significantly high ratings in depression, anxiety, and vanity in woman with MRKH syndrome. It is great to spare-time activity up with the woman who embarkd in the study years later on the diagnosis.Looking to see the wannabee jump on a woman has made in dealing with the diagnosis is important to service women in the future. Using similar scales to assess their psychological state would be adept to track their progress. Reviewing and equivalence both scales will because give an right characterization of the psychological effectuate that MRKH syndrome can remove on a woman. I regard it is very important to make sure that a woman is permanent replete to participate in these studies aft(prenominal) being diagnosed with MRKH.Many women have been cognise to go through horrendous depression and raze attempt suicide by and by dealing with infertility issues, needing time to go through a befitting suffer process. We compliments to get unblemished measures, alone emergency to make sure that participants are emotionally lasting after passing the experiment. References Laggari, V. , Diareme, S. , Christogiorgos, S. , Deligeorglou, E. , Chrisopoulos, P. , Tsiantis, J. , & Creatsas, G. (2009). worry and depression in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome and Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. ledger of neurotic obstetrics and Gynecology, 30(22). 3-88. Laure Camborieux, Daniel Guerrier, Karine Morcel. (2007). Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome. Orphanet daybook of rare Diseases. 13. Leidolf, E. (2006). The lose vagina monologueand beyond. journal of unfearing homosexual Psychotherapy. 10(2), 77-92. Heller-Boersma, J. G. , Schmidt, U. H. , & Edmons, D. (2009). psychological inconvenience in women with uterovaginal agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome. MRKH). Psychosomatics journal of reference book Liason Psychiatry. 50(3). 277-281. Parker, L. (2012, November). person-to-person wonder Taylor, T. (2012, November). personal oppugn