History of the Plow - Who Invented It

When it comes to farming tools, the instruments used back in George Washingtons day were no better than those used during the time of  Julius Caesar.  In fact, some of the tools from ancient Rome—like their early plow—were superior to those that were used in America 18 centuries later. That was until the modern plow came along, of course. What Is a Plow? A plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cuts a furrow (small ditch) for sowing seeds. An important piece of the plow is called a moldboard, which is a wedge formed by the curved part of a steel blade that turns the furrow. Early Plows Some of the first plows used in the United States were little more than a crooked stick with an iron point attached which simply scratched the ground. Plows of this sort were used in Illinois as late as 1812. Evidently, improvements were desperately needed, particularly a design to turn a deep furrow for planting seeds. Early attempts at improvement were often just heavy chunks of tough wood crudely cut into shape with a wrought-iron point and attached clumsily. The moldboards were rough, and no two curves were alike—at that time, country blacksmiths made plows only on order and few even had patterns for them. Additionally, plows could turn a furrow in soft ground only if the oxen or horses were strong enough, and friction was such a big problem that three men and several animals were often required to turn a furrow when the ground was hard. Who Invented the Plow? Several people contributed to the invention of the plow, with each individual contributing something unique that gradually improved the efficacy of the tool over time. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson worked out an elaborate design for an effective moldboard.  However, he was too interested in other things besides inventing to keep working on agricultural tools, and he never attempted to patent his product. Charles Newbold and David Peacock The first real inventor of the practical plow was Charles Newbold of Burlington County, New Jersey; he received a patent for a cast-iron plow in June of 1797. However, American farmers mistrusted the plow. They believed it poisoned the soil and fostered the growth of weeds. Ten years later, in 1807, David Peacock received a plow patent and eventually procured two others. However, Newbold sued Peacock for patent infringement and recovered damages. It was the first patent infringement case involving a plow. Jethro Wood Another plow inventor was Jethro Wood, a blacksmith from Scipio, New York. He received two patents, one in 1814 and the other in 1819. His plow was cast iron and made in three parts so that a broken part could be replaced without purchasing a whole new plow. This principle of standardization marked a great advance. By this time, farmers were forgetting their former prejudices and were enticed to buy plows. Though Woods original patent was extended, patent infringements were frequent and he is said to have spent his entire fortune in prosecuting them. John Deere In 1837, John Deere developed and marketed the worlds first self-polishing cast-steel plow. These large plows made for cutting the tough American prairie ground were called grasshopper plows. William Parlin Skilled blacksmith  William Parlin of Canton, Illinois began making plows around 1842. He traveled around the country by wagon selling them. John Lane and James Oliver In 1868, John Lane patented a soft-center steel plow. The hard-but-brittle surface of the tool was backed by softer, more tenacious metal  to reduce the breakage. The same year, James Oliver—a Scottish immigrant who had settled in  Indiana—received a patent for the chilled plow. Using an ingenious method, the wearing surfaces of the casting were cooled more quickly than those of the back. The pieces which came in contact with the soil had a hard, glassy surface while the body of the plow was made of tough iron.  Oliver later founded Oliver Chilled Plow Works. Plow Advances and Farm Tractors From the single plow, advances were made to two or more plows fastened together, allowing for more work to be done with approximately the same amount of manpower (or animal-power). Another advance was the sulky plow, which allowed the plowman to ride, rather than walk. Such plows were in use as early as 1844. The next step forward was to replace animals that pulled the plows with traction engines. By 1921, farm tractors were both doing the work better and pulling more plows—50-horsepower engines could pull 16 plows, harrows, and a grain drill. Farmers could thus perform the three operations of plowing, harrowing, and planting all at the same time and cover 50 acres or more in a day. Today, plows are not used nearly as extensively as before. This is  due in large part to the popularity of minimum tillage systems designed to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture.

Suspensions Hurt Children By Lowering Academic Achievement...

Suspensions Hurt Children Suspensions hurt children by lowering academic achievement as well as widening the racial achievement gap between African American students and their peers. This is a growing topic across the country. Schools suspend students at a large cost to society as a whole. Every time a student is suspended for non- violent infractions they are being denied a learning opportunity (Townsend, 2000). It is the duty of educators to ensure that this does not happen. Suspensions can lower self- esteem, cause students to lose interest in school and drop out, and prevent students from participating in school sports, or clubs and many other negative scenarios. The goal of this report is to open educators’ eyes about the negative effects of suspensions on school children. It is said that, â€Å"Out-of-school suspensions is one of the most widely used disciplinary practices in American schools, with more than 3.3 million students suspended each year (Lee, Cornell, Gregory, Fan, 2011, p. 16 6). Review of the Literature Who Is Getting Suspended Teachers need to be consistent with classroom management in order to run an effective and safe learning community. However, when teachers micro-manage certain students and the teacher themselves are the ones who are disrupting the learning process on a continuous basis to reprimand these students about minor incidents it becomes a problem. After reading the current literature from the Office of Civil Rights (1993),Show MoreRelatedOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizationsRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pages3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when DonaldRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesresponsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagessuch strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake a dditional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above. ââ€"  ââ€"  ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 600 600 Guide to the main focusRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPhillip Condit and Boeing 777: From Design and Development to Production and Sales 81 AMP of Canada (A) 105 AMP of Canada (B) (see handout provided by instructor) AMP of Canada (C) (see handout provided by instructor) Lipton Canada 118 Riverview Children s Hospital 124 The Evolution of Project Management at Quixtar 145 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CULTURES 151 Como Tool and Die (A) 153 Como Tool and Die (B) 157 Apache Metals, Inc. 160 Haller Specialty Manufacturing 162 The NF3 Project: Managing

Teachers Day Free Essays

Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, OM, FBA (Telugu: ; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He was the first Vice-President of India (1952–1962) and subsequently the second President of India (1962–1967). We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of India’s most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan is considered through his efforts to have built a bridge between the East and the West by showing that the philosophical systems of each tradition are comprehensible within the terms of the other. He wrote authoritative exegeses of India’s religious and philosophical literature for the English speaking world. His academic appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta (1921-? ) and Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University (1936–1952). Among the many honours he received were a knighthood (1931) and the Bharat Ratna (1954). His birthday is celebrated in India as Teacher’s Day on 5 September. Since times immemorial, Indians have respected and idolized their teachers. Earlier, we used to call our teachers ‘Guru’ and now it’s the contemporary ‘Sir’ or ‘Madam’. Nevertheless, the role of teachers has remained the same. They were, are and will continue to be our guiding light, creating conditions conducive to our overall development. We will always be thankful to them for their constructive support. It is as an expression of this gratitude only that we celebrate Teacher’s Day in India. Teacher’s Day is a tribute to the hard work and devotion of the teachers all year long, to educate a child. In India, teacher’s day is celebrated on 5th of September every year. Indian Teacher’s Day is dedicated to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who was a zealous advocate of education and one of the greatest scholars and teachers of all times, apart from being the first Vice President and the second President of India. As a mark of respect to this phenomenal teacher, his birthday came to be observed as Teacher’s Day in the country. On Teacher’s day, students across India dress up as their teachers and take lectures in classes that are assigned to the teachers they represent. Sometimes, teachers sit in their classes as students, trying to relive the time when they, themselves, were students. Also, functions are organized in schools on the special day, where students present dance performances, dramas, and various other programs to entertain their teachers. This day provides for a healthy interaction between teachers and students as well. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was one of the most distinguished diplomats, scholars and teachers of India, apart from being the first Vice President and the second President of the country. As a tribute to this great teacher, his birthday is observed as Teacher’s Day across India. As a matter of fact, when his students and friends asked him for the permission to celebrate his birthday, it was he who asked them to celebrate the day as Teacher’s Day, honoring the efforts of teachers across the country. Indian Teacher’s Day History India has been celebrating Teacher’s Day on 5th September, since 1962. The day commemorates the birthday of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakhrishnan, a philosopher and a teacher par excellence, and his contribution towards Indian education system. Dr Radhakhrishnan believed that â€Å"teachers should be the best minds in the country†. On this day, we gratefully remember the great educationist, apart from honoring all the teachers that have made our life much more knowledgeable and fulfilled, as serving as our beacons of light. How to cite Teachers Day, Papers

Sociology Institutions and Employment

Question: Discuss about theSociologyfor Institutions and Employment. Answer: Introduction By the definition of racism, Tatum means a variant of advantage that is premised on race and ethnicity. Tatum argues that the white people are not completely against the stated prejudice. However, they held the perspective that the racial advantage entails an easy access to better accommodation, institutions and employment (Gallagher, 2012). Consequently, racism is a system that entails cultural attributes and institutional policies. It does not emphasize beliefs and practices of individuals. Tatum seeks to explain the concept of blackness from the white perspective. His research operates at the interstices of two intervening questions, a) why do the black people consider themselves inferior? b) What is the main tenet of the racism history? Such situation is not normal in the American society. The writings of Tatum unravels that the Blacks are often misconstrued and exploited. They witnessed severe repercussions in the society. The author formulated various phases such as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In these three distinct phases, the black people outline and form their self-identity. At the same time, she gave pragmatic suggestions that explain the influence of parents shaping the thoughts of children in the initial age (Gallagher 2012). At the other end of the spectrum, Tatum moved on to the extreme angle. He held that whiteness influenced the scene. She went on to explain that American society consider the white people the typical thing. She argues that Whites should embrace their whiteness and develop an effective and positive self-image that entails no inferiority. The whites should abolish the inner conflict and individual racism. At the same time, they should have the cognizance of the institutional and cultural racism. Tatum opines that one should show willingness to examine elements of racial identity. She argues that the skin complexion is not the main criterion to determine the issues of racism. One has to understand the determinant of racism (McIntosh, 1998). Through this knowledge, the vicious cycle of racism would be apparent and the populace would tide over the crises (Gallagher 2012). Tatum deduces that it is not erroneous that the minority groups lived with their ethnic unit. The minorities could live with the ethnic units, in a sense they can achieve an effective self-esteem and empowerment. Minority groups, especially black students should go through a calibrated process of establishing and maintaining their racial identity. They can sustain their racial identity by shunning the negative clichs that affected the essence of the Africa-America society. At the same time, the whites should understand that they have to work in unison with the Black people to battle against the existing injust ices. The white skin color is not the determinant of survival and prosperity of the human civilization. It would break the fabric of the civilization, if the experts highlight the skin color. Analysis and the Significance The book is a mandatory reading for those, who do not believe the existence of racism in the United States. The book consists of some riveting arguments and illustrations of corporate racism that we have countenanced. Tatum emphasized the fact that the society should have a corporate disposition to maintain the presence of racism in the society. The matter of racism is administered in a systematic and corporate way. Therefore, one has to address the case of racism in a systematic and corporate way. The book unfurls a competitive introduction to those, who have no conception of the systematic and corporate racism that is pervasive in America. At the same time, the work of Tatum does not represent a critique of the White audience of America. However, it throws a gauntlet to the white populace (Rose, 1967). The book is a compulsory perusal for those who are operating in a multi-cultural set up. It deals with the element of racism. At the same time, it deliberates on the matter of ethnicity and conceptualization of self-identity and perception of racism. It emphasizes the issues of racism for both the major and minor ethnic groups. The book manifests a challenging concept that gives the reader a scope to understand the importance of racism in the recent perspective. At the same time, the author tries to address the questions in varied ways. She maintains the racial identity of every individual and the ethnic groups. The book, penned down by Tatum, profoundly influenced the passion and the research concerns of the concept (Singham, 1998). The Implication of Quotations The book unfurls a titillating epithet why are all the Black Kids sitting together in the cafeteria? The title explains the racial presentiment that the book manifests from the beginning. It stirred an interesting situation that elucidates the precepts of the racial identity and ethnicity. Tatum opines that one should show willingness to examine elements of racial identity. She argues that the skin complexion is not the main criterion to determine the issues of racism. One has to understand the determinant of racism. Through this knowledge, the vicious cycle of racism would be apparent and the populace would tide over the crises. The writings of Tatum unravels that the Blacks are often misconstrued and exploited. They witnessed severe repercussions in the society. The author formulated various phases such as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In these three distinct phases, the black people outline and form their self-identity. At the same time, she gave pragmatic suggestions that explain the influence of parents shaping the thoughts of children in the initial age. The book shows that the people of color learn from their beginning the characteristics of a certain group. They should understand that they are deemed as people belonging to a certain group. For an instance, people of whites maintain the respective legacy of the community (Tatum, 2005). The main thrust of the book is to understand the dynamic of the white and color people relations. The adults of varied categories, both white and color, show their reluctance about the matter of racism. They could not clarify the doubts of their children, as far as the racial identity is concerned. They think that this matter would spawn a obnoxious feeling in children. The parents do not want to create color consciousness among their children. The matter of racism is acerbic and brutally sentiment. Through the research and educational parameters, she aims to give answers to the questions that the world posited. The author clarifies the doubts regarding the racial premise, through the heated discourse. She maintains that racism is not a prejudice alone. It is conceived as a stated opinion that influences the sentiment of the populace. Inner Core and its Relevance Racism is the focal point of the book. A system entails cultural codes and institutional practices rampant in a society. Many scholars believe that racism is a queer mix of prejudice and power. The scholars claim that if prejudice is combined with power, then it gains an easy access to social, cultural and economic resources. The tool of decision-making might lead to the conceptualization of racist policies and practices (Tatum, 2005). Dr. Tatum opines that the definition of racism involves a mechanism of advantage that is based on race. The writing of Tatum spawns an uneasy feeling for those who have comprehended the myth that racism is a variant of prejudice. The book has amazingly busted the myth. The book supported the new definition that postulates the idea of white privilege and power. The book gives a new insight to the concept of racism and racial identity. Tatum deduces that it is not erroneous that the minority groups lived with their ethnic unit. The minorities could live within the ethnic units, in a sense they aim to achieve an effective self-esteem and empowerment. Minority groups, especially black students should go through a calibrated process of establishing and maintaining their racial identity. They can sustain their racial identity by shunning the negative clichs that affected the essence of the Africa-America Society. At the same time, the whites should understand that they have to work in unison with the Black people to battle against the existing injustices. The white skin color is not the determinant of survival and prosperity of the human civilization. It would break the fabric of the civilization, if the experts highlight the skin color (Tatum, 2005). The book is a mandatory reading for those, who do not believe the existence of racism in the United States. The book consists of some riveting arguments and illustrations of corporate racism that we have countenanced. Tatum emphasized the fact that the society should have a corporate disposition to maintain the presence of racism in the society. The matter of racism is administered in a systematic and corporate way. Therefore, one has to address the case of racism in a systematic and corporate way. The book unfurls a competitive introduction to those, who have no conception of the systematic and corporate racism that is pervasive in America. At the same time, the work of Tatum does not represent a critique of the White audience of America. However, it throws a gauntlet to the white populace (Sethi, 2007). Conclusion The book is a compulsory perusal for those who are operating in a multi-cultural set up. It deals with the element of racism. At the same time, it deliberates on the matter of ethnicity and conceptualization of self-identity and perception of racism. It emphasizes the issues of racism for both the major and minor ethnic groups. The book manifests a challenging concept that gives the reader a scope to understand the importance of racism in the recent perspective. At the same time, the author tries to address the questions in varied ways. She maintains the racial identity of every individual and the ethnic groups. The book, penned down by Tatum, profoundly influenced the passion and the research concerns of the concept. Reference Ferber, A. L. (2001). What white supremacists taught a Jewish scholar about identity.Race, class, and gender: An anthology, 115. Gallagher, C. A. (2012).Rethinking the color line: Readings in race and ethnicity. McGraw-Hill. Jacques, M. (2003). The global hierarchy of race.The Guardian,20(09), 2003. McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege.Race, class and gender: An anthology,, 94-105. Rose, A. M. (1967).The power structure: Political process in American society(Vol. 194). Oxford University Press. Sethi, R. C. (2007). Smells like racism.Race, class, and gender in the United States, 143-152. Singham, M. (1998). The canary in the mine.Phi Delta Kappan,80(1), 8. Tatum, B. D. (2005). Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?.A Psychologist Explains the Development of Racial Identity.