History of the Plow - Who Invented It

When it comes to farming tools, the instruments used back in George Washingtons day were no better than those used during the time of  Julius Caesar.  In fact, some of the tools from ancient Rome—like their early plow—were superior to those that were used in America 18 centuries later. That was until the modern plow came along, of course. What Is a Plow? A plow (also spelled plough) is a farm tool with one or more heavy blades that breaks the soil and cuts a furrow (small ditch) for sowing seeds. An important piece of the plow is called a moldboard, which is a wedge formed by the curved part of a steel blade that turns the furrow. Early Plows Some of the first plows used in the United States were little more than a crooked stick with an iron point attached which simply scratched the ground. Plows of this sort were used in Illinois as late as 1812. Evidently, improvements were desperately needed, particularly a design to turn a deep furrow for planting seeds. Early attempts at improvement were often just heavy chunks of tough wood crudely cut into shape with a wrought-iron point and attached clumsily. The moldboards were rough, and no two curves were alike—at that time, country blacksmiths made plows only on order and few even had patterns for them. Additionally, plows could turn a furrow in soft ground only if the oxen or horses were strong enough, and friction was such a big problem that three men and several animals were often required to turn a furrow when the ground was hard. Who Invented the Plow? Several people contributed to the invention of the plow, with each individual contributing something unique that gradually improved the efficacy of the tool over time. Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson worked out an elaborate design for an effective moldboard.  However, he was too interested in other things besides inventing to keep working on agricultural tools, and he never attempted to patent his product. Charles Newbold and David Peacock The first real inventor of the practical plow was Charles Newbold of Burlington County, New Jersey; he received a patent for a cast-iron plow in June of 1797. However, American farmers mistrusted the plow. They believed it poisoned the soil and fostered the growth of weeds. Ten years later, in 1807, David Peacock received a plow patent and eventually procured two others. However, Newbold sued Peacock for patent infringement and recovered damages. It was the first patent infringement case involving a plow. Jethro Wood Another plow inventor was Jethro Wood, a blacksmith from Scipio, New York. He received two patents, one in 1814 and the other in 1819. His plow was cast iron and made in three parts so that a broken part could be replaced without purchasing a whole new plow. This principle of standardization marked a great advance. By this time, farmers were forgetting their former prejudices and were enticed to buy plows. Though Woods original patent was extended, patent infringements were frequent and he is said to have spent his entire fortune in prosecuting them. John Deere In 1837, John Deere developed and marketed the worlds first self-polishing cast-steel plow. These large plows made for cutting the tough American prairie ground were called grasshopper plows. William Parlin Skilled blacksmith  William Parlin of Canton, Illinois began making plows around 1842. He traveled around the country by wagon selling them. John Lane and James Oliver In 1868, John Lane patented a soft-center steel plow. The hard-but-brittle surface of the tool was backed by softer, more tenacious metal  to reduce the breakage. The same year, James Oliver—a Scottish immigrant who had settled in  Indiana—received a patent for the chilled plow. Using an ingenious method, the wearing surfaces of the casting were cooled more quickly than those of the back. The pieces which came in contact with the soil had a hard, glassy surface while the body of the plow was made of tough iron.  Oliver later founded Oliver Chilled Plow Works. Plow Advances and Farm Tractors From the single plow, advances were made to two or more plows fastened together, allowing for more work to be done with approximately the same amount of manpower (or animal-power). Another advance was the sulky plow, which allowed the plowman to ride, rather than walk. Such plows were in use as early as 1844. The next step forward was to replace animals that pulled the plows with traction engines. By 1921, farm tractors were both doing the work better and pulling more plows—50-horsepower engines could pull 16 plows, harrows, and a grain drill. Farmers could thus perform the three operations of plowing, harrowing, and planting all at the same time and cover 50 acres or more in a day. Today, plows are not used nearly as extensively as before. This is  due in large part to the popularity of minimum tillage systems designed to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture.

Suspensions Hurt Children By Lowering Academic Achievement...

Suspensions Hurt Children Suspensions hurt children by lowering academic achievement as well as widening the racial achievement gap between African American students and their peers. This is a growing topic across the country. Schools suspend students at a large cost to society as a whole. Every time a student is suspended for non- violent infractions they are being denied a learning opportunity (Townsend, 2000). It is the duty of educators to ensure that this does not happen. Suspensions can lower self- esteem, cause students to lose interest in school and drop out, and prevent students from participating in school sports, or clubs and many other negative scenarios. The goal of this report is to open educators’ eyes about the negative effects of suspensions on school children. It is said that, â€Å"Out-of-school suspensions is one of the most widely used disciplinary practices in American schools, with more than 3.3 million students suspended each year (Lee, Cornell, Gregory, Fan, 2011, p. 16 6). Review of the Literature Who Is Getting Suspended Teachers need to be consistent with classroom management in order to run an effective and safe learning community. However, when teachers micro-manage certain students and the teacher themselves are the ones who are disrupting the learning process on a continuous basis to reprimand these students about minor incidents it becomes a problem. After reading the current literature from the Office of Civil Rights (1993),Show MoreRelatedOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizationsRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pages3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when DonaldRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesresponsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagessuch strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake a dditional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above. ââ€"  ââ€"  ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 600 600 Guide to the main focusRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPhillip Condit and Boeing 777: From Design and Development to Production and Sales 81 AMP of Canada (A) 105 AMP of Canada (B) (see handout provided by instructor) AMP of Canada (C) (see handout provided by instructor) Lipton Canada 118 Riverview Children s Hospital 124 The Evolution of Project Management at Quixtar 145 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CULTURES 151 Como Tool and Die (A) 153 Como Tool and Die (B) 157 Apache Metals, Inc. 160 Haller Specialty Manufacturing 162 The NF3 Project: Managing

Teachers Day Free Essays

Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, OM, FBA (Telugu: ; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He was the first Vice-President of India (1952–1962) and subsequently the second President of India (1962–1967). We will write a custom essay sample on Teachers Day or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of India’s most influential scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan is considered through his efforts to have built a bridge between the East and the West by showing that the philosophical systems of each tradition are comprehensible within the terms of the other. He wrote authoritative exegeses of India’s religious and philosophical literature for the English speaking world. His academic appointments included the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta (1921-? ) and Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University (1936–1952). Among the many honours he received were a knighthood (1931) and the Bharat Ratna (1954). His birthday is celebrated in India as Teacher’s Day on 5 September. Since times immemorial, Indians have respected and idolized their teachers. Earlier, we used to call our teachers ‘Guru’ and now it’s the contemporary ‘Sir’ or ‘Madam’. Nevertheless, the role of teachers has remained the same. They were, are and will continue to be our guiding light, creating conditions conducive to our overall development. We will always be thankful to them for their constructive support. It is as an expression of this gratitude only that we celebrate Teacher’s Day in India. Teacher’s Day is a tribute to the hard work and devotion of the teachers all year long, to educate a child. In India, teacher’s day is celebrated on 5th of September every year. Indian Teacher’s Day is dedicated to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who was a zealous advocate of education and one of the greatest scholars and teachers of all times, apart from being the first Vice President and the second President of India. As a mark of respect to this phenomenal teacher, his birthday came to be observed as Teacher’s Day in the country. On Teacher’s day, students across India dress up as their teachers and take lectures in classes that are assigned to the teachers they represent. Sometimes, teachers sit in their classes as students, trying to relive the time when they, themselves, were students. Also, functions are organized in schools on the special day, where students present dance performances, dramas, and various other programs to entertain their teachers. This day provides for a healthy interaction between teachers and students as well. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was one of the most distinguished diplomats, scholars and teachers of India, apart from being the first Vice President and the second President of the country. As a tribute to this great teacher, his birthday is observed as Teacher’s Day across India. As a matter of fact, when his students and friends asked him for the permission to celebrate his birthday, it was he who asked them to celebrate the day as Teacher’s Day, honoring the efforts of teachers across the country. Indian Teacher’s Day History India has been celebrating Teacher’s Day on 5th September, since 1962. The day commemorates the birthday of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakhrishnan, a philosopher and a teacher par excellence, and his contribution towards Indian education system. Dr Radhakhrishnan believed that â€Å"teachers should be the best minds in the country†. On this day, we gratefully remember the great educationist, apart from honoring all the teachers that have made our life much more knowledgeable and fulfilled, as serving as our beacons of light. How to cite Teachers Day, Papers

Sociology Institutions and Employment

Question: Discuss about theSociologyfor Institutions and Employment. Answer: Introduction By the definition of racism, Tatum means a variant of advantage that is premised on race and ethnicity. Tatum argues that the white people are not completely against the stated prejudice. However, they held the perspective that the racial advantage entails an easy access to better accommodation, institutions and employment (Gallagher, 2012). Consequently, racism is a system that entails cultural attributes and institutional policies. It does not emphasize beliefs and practices of individuals. Tatum seeks to explain the concept of blackness from the white perspective. His research operates at the interstices of two intervening questions, a) why do the black people consider themselves inferior? b) What is the main tenet of the racism history? Such situation is not normal in the American society. The writings of Tatum unravels that the Blacks are often misconstrued and exploited. They witnessed severe repercussions in the society. The author formulated various phases such as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In these three distinct phases, the black people outline and form their self-identity. At the same time, she gave pragmatic suggestions that explain the influence of parents shaping the thoughts of children in the initial age (Gallagher 2012). At the other end of the spectrum, Tatum moved on to the extreme angle. He held that whiteness influenced the scene. She went on to explain that American society consider the white people the typical thing. She argues that Whites should embrace their whiteness and develop an effective and positive self-image that entails no inferiority. The whites should abolish the inner conflict and individual racism. At the same time, they should have the cognizance of the institutional and cultural racism. Tatum opines that one should show willingness to examine elements of racial identity. She argues that the skin complexion is not the main criterion to determine the issues of racism. One has to understand the determinant of racism (McIntosh, 1998). Through this knowledge, the vicious cycle of racism would be apparent and the populace would tide over the crises (Gallagher 2012). Tatum deduces that it is not erroneous that the minority groups lived with their ethnic unit. The minorities could live with the ethnic units, in a sense they can achieve an effective self-esteem and empowerment. Minority groups, especially black students should go through a calibrated process of establishing and maintaining their racial identity. They can sustain their racial identity by shunning the negative clichs that affected the essence of the Africa-America society. At the same time, the whites should understand that they have to work in unison with the Black people to battle against the existing injust ices. The white skin color is not the determinant of survival and prosperity of the human civilization. It would break the fabric of the civilization, if the experts highlight the skin color. Analysis and the Significance The book is a mandatory reading for those, who do not believe the existence of racism in the United States. The book consists of some riveting arguments and illustrations of corporate racism that we have countenanced. Tatum emphasized the fact that the society should have a corporate disposition to maintain the presence of racism in the society. The matter of racism is administered in a systematic and corporate way. Therefore, one has to address the case of racism in a systematic and corporate way. The book unfurls a competitive introduction to those, who have no conception of the systematic and corporate racism that is pervasive in America. At the same time, the work of Tatum does not represent a critique of the White audience of America. However, it throws a gauntlet to the white populace (Rose, 1967). The book is a compulsory perusal for those who are operating in a multi-cultural set up. It deals with the element of racism. At the same time, it deliberates on the matter of ethnicity and conceptualization of self-identity and perception of racism. It emphasizes the issues of racism for both the major and minor ethnic groups. The book manifests a challenging concept that gives the reader a scope to understand the importance of racism in the recent perspective. At the same time, the author tries to address the questions in varied ways. She maintains the racial identity of every individual and the ethnic groups. The book, penned down by Tatum, profoundly influenced the passion and the research concerns of the concept (Singham, 1998). The Implication of Quotations The book unfurls a titillating epithet why are all the Black Kids sitting together in the cafeteria? The title explains the racial presentiment that the book manifests from the beginning. It stirred an interesting situation that elucidates the precepts of the racial identity and ethnicity. Tatum opines that one should show willingness to examine elements of racial identity. She argues that the skin complexion is not the main criterion to determine the issues of racism. One has to understand the determinant of racism. Through this knowledge, the vicious cycle of racism would be apparent and the populace would tide over the crises. The writings of Tatum unravels that the Blacks are often misconstrued and exploited. They witnessed severe repercussions in the society. The author formulated various phases such as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In these three distinct phases, the black people outline and form their self-identity. At the same time, she gave pragmatic suggestions that explain the influence of parents shaping the thoughts of children in the initial age. The book shows that the people of color learn from their beginning the characteristics of a certain group. They should understand that they are deemed as people belonging to a certain group. For an instance, people of whites maintain the respective legacy of the community (Tatum, 2005). The main thrust of the book is to understand the dynamic of the white and color people relations. The adults of varied categories, both white and color, show their reluctance about the matter of racism. They could not clarify the doubts of their children, as far as the racial identity is concerned. They think that this matter would spawn a obnoxious feeling in children. The parents do not want to create color consciousness among their children. The matter of racism is acerbic and brutally sentiment. Through the research and educational parameters, she aims to give answers to the questions that the world posited. The author clarifies the doubts regarding the racial premise, through the heated discourse. She maintains that racism is not a prejudice alone. It is conceived as a stated opinion that influences the sentiment of the populace. Inner Core and its Relevance Racism is the focal point of the book. A system entails cultural codes and institutional practices rampant in a society. Many scholars believe that racism is a queer mix of prejudice and power. The scholars claim that if prejudice is combined with power, then it gains an easy access to social, cultural and economic resources. The tool of decision-making might lead to the conceptualization of racist policies and practices (Tatum, 2005). Dr. Tatum opines that the definition of racism involves a mechanism of advantage that is based on race. The writing of Tatum spawns an uneasy feeling for those who have comprehended the myth that racism is a variant of prejudice. The book has amazingly busted the myth. The book supported the new definition that postulates the idea of white privilege and power. The book gives a new insight to the concept of racism and racial identity. Tatum deduces that it is not erroneous that the minority groups lived with their ethnic unit. The minorities could live within the ethnic units, in a sense they aim to achieve an effective self-esteem and empowerment. Minority groups, especially black students should go through a calibrated process of establishing and maintaining their racial identity. They can sustain their racial identity by shunning the negative clichs that affected the essence of the Africa-America Society. At the same time, the whites should understand that they have to work in unison with the Black people to battle against the existing injustices. The white skin color is not the determinant of survival and prosperity of the human civilization. It would break the fabric of the civilization, if the experts highlight the skin color (Tatum, 2005). The book is a mandatory reading for those, who do not believe the existence of racism in the United States. The book consists of some riveting arguments and illustrations of corporate racism that we have countenanced. Tatum emphasized the fact that the society should have a corporate disposition to maintain the presence of racism in the society. The matter of racism is administered in a systematic and corporate way. Therefore, one has to address the case of racism in a systematic and corporate way. The book unfurls a competitive introduction to those, who have no conception of the systematic and corporate racism that is pervasive in America. At the same time, the work of Tatum does not represent a critique of the White audience of America. However, it throws a gauntlet to the white populace (Sethi, 2007). Conclusion The book is a compulsory perusal for those who are operating in a multi-cultural set up. It deals with the element of racism. At the same time, it deliberates on the matter of ethnicity and conceptualization of self-identity and perception of racism. It emphasizes the issues of racism for both the major and minor ethnic groups. The book manifests a challenging concept that gives the reader a scope to understand the importance of racism in the recent perspective. At the same time, the author tries to address the questions in varied ways. She maintains the racial identity of every individual and the ethnic groups. The book, penned down by Tatum, profoundly influenced the passion and the research concerns of the concept. Reference Ferber, A. L. (2001). What white supremacists taught a Jewish scholar about identity.Race, class, and gender: An anthology, 115. Gallagher, C. A. (2012).Rethinking the color line: Readings in race and ethnicity. McGraw-Hill. Jacques, M. (2003). The global hierarchy of race.The Guardian,20(09), 2003. McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege.Race, class and gender: An anthology,, 94-105. Rose, A. M. (1967).The power structure: Political process in American society(Vol. 194). Oxford University Press. Sethi, R. C. (2007). Smells like racism.Race, class, and gender in the United States, 143-152. Singham, M. (1998). The canary in the mine.Phi Delta Kappan,80(1), 8. Tatum, B. D. (2005). Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?.A Psychologist Explains the Development of Racial Identity.

Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Literature Beowulf Flashcard

Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Literature: Beowulf

68 Book Cover Ideas to Take Your Book Cover from Bland to Brilliant

68 Book Cover Ideas to Take Your Book Cover from Bland to Brilliant 68 Book Cover Ideas To Inspire Your Next Book You know the mantra: â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover.† But that’s easier to say than do. A book's cover is your not-so-secret weapon when it comes to sales  and the  reader's very first impression of a book. Or, as  famed designer Paul Sahre once put it in an interview with Penguin Random House:â€Å"On a purely functional level, a jacket is there to protect the book, but I also like to think of a book cover as a door. It’s the beginning of the experience of reading.†Basically, book cover design is one of the book’s most important assets and can have an enormous impact on sales  - so you need to get it right.  We cherry-picked 68 brilliant covers to give you some book cover ideas. (If you're looking to inspire a great back  cover, read this post that's all about the book's back.) Happy viewing! 68 book cover ideas that can (and will) inspire your next book! #bookdesign Illustration-oriented Book Covers1. Minimalism is still trendy. Cover designs  by (from left to right): Richard Augustus.When in doubt, just remember Michael Jackson’s Thriller: dark, moody, and dramatic. That’s the atmosphere that a cover for a thriller will aim to create. To that end, they’ll tend to stick to a dark and contrasting color template. Meanwhile, the type is more often than not going to be sans-serif, so that the books seems modern, cutting-edge, and, most of all, exciting.If you'd like even MORE inspiration, why not check out Reedsy Book Cover Art Gallery,  where you'll find wonderful examples of the work being done by freelancer designers today.Feeling inspired? Now go forth and create your own cover! Or leave a comment if you have any questions for us about the cover design process.

Expectations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Expectations - Essay Example The California Department of Education is responsible for ensuring that schools adhere to these standards. The advantage of all schools in a state to adopt same standards is that when a student changes schools, they are still guaranteed good education due to the same standards in the state. Mathematics and Science are some of the most important subjects in the curriculum. These subjects though require students to have a higher level of concentration during the learning process, due to the nature of their concepts. Most schools therefore, put more emphasis on these so that students perform equally well in them, like in the other subjects. For this reason, the national council of teachers of mathematics (NCTM) has also set its standards and expectations of schools in their performance in Mathematics. The mathematics expectations and standard by NCTM applies to the levels of prekindergarten through grade 12. These expectations are specific to each grade basing on their curriculum. Howev er, generally, this body of mathematics teachers expects that as a student goes through all the grades up to grade 12, they should have mastered all the important concepts in mathematics. Fist, students should be good at numbers and operations. This includes number systems, relationship between numbers, meaning of operations, and computing. In algebra, students must understand patterns, relations, and functions. They should also be able to analyze situations in mathematics using algebraic symbols (â€Å"National Council of Teachers of Mathematics†). The geometry standard requires students to be able to analyze the properties of geometric shapes and their relationships. They should also be in a position to apply symmetry to different mathematical situations, and use visualizing and geometry in problem solving. In measurement, students must understand different measurements and apply them. For data analysis and probability, students must be able to develop questions that can be solved with data collection. In addition, they should be able to employ right statistical method in data analysis. Overall, NCTM expects that the mathematics learning process should impart problem-solving skills in students and help them identify reasoning and proof as an important aspect in mathematics. The mathematical process must also help students develop their communication, including mathematical thinking. Additionally, students must be able to apply mathematical principles outside of mathematics. Finally, the concept of representation should help students to create and interpret social, physical, and mathematical phenomena (â€Å"NCTM†). The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) also has a set of standards and expectations of schools in the science subject. This expects the science program to impart problem-solving skills in students, to solve problems in today’s scientific world. Teachers must therefore, involve students in first-hand scientific experi ences and utilize mathematical and communication skills in the learning process. Teachers must use different teaching styles and allow class discussions without any form of discrimination. Use of hands-on experiments to enhance and develop skills in students, and participations in workshops and conferences for scientific knowledge gain must be practiced (â€Å"National Science Teachers Association†). The school administrators provide instructional leadership by enforcing the national standards of science,

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hamlet - Essay Example So Hamlet had to study well into the matter and handle the murder plan successfully. To understand the fact that his uncle killed is the Father is not an easy task for him. For this, he had to do something very calculative and for this he decided to act insane in front of people. Hamlet did not want to kill a person who is of a clean heart. What if he killed Claudius and he turn out to be innocent? In that case, Hamlet will turn out to be guilty and he would not be able to live in peace. The reason for Hamlet’s hesitation is that he doesn’t want to kill his uncle who is in a state of clean consciousness. So he acted insane and thought of setting a stage for a play which resembled to the story of his father’s life. The revenge of his Father’s killer was boiling in his body but he took time to take revenge, because he did not want to be wrong in the end. Hamlet, wanted to kill Claudius when he is guilty of his evil deed of killing the hamlet’s father .The reason is valid because then Claudius would himself realize that he deserves death from the hands of Hamlet. In a real sense, Hamlet gets only one chance to kill Claudius, but he staged a drama wherein the story resembled that of his father’s murder . Hamlet has lost his Father and definitely wants to kill his murderer. But now the murderer has become his uncle and step-father, as his mother married his uncle, who is the murderer. Here Hamlet has to confront many problems in order to reach to Claudius, who is his Father’s murderer and the king of Denmark. He had devised a series of attempts to block the reign of Claudius and stop the royalty of the new King. By killing Claudius, Hamlet will give peace to his Father’s soul and convince his mother, that he is the murderer of her ex- husband, who is the real king of Denmark. Even Hamlet would be convinced that he is killing a person who is guilty of his own evil deed. The story ‘Hamlet’ is central ly based on the revenge and how the young prince plans to kill his Father’s murderer. In this story, Hamlet’s mother is maintaining an incestuous relationship as she marries the brother of her ex- husband. Hamlet’s mother the Queen, does not have any involvement in the killing of King Hamlet. The delaying of the killing of King Claudius is the most controversial question in the whole story. People are alarmed to find that knowing the killer of his Father; he is not doing anything to fulfill the revenge. He knows he will kill the murderer of his Father, the then King Hamlet. But the question is who killed the King in real. He wanted to confirm the killer, then take a solid reaction. So here by delaying the death of Claudius, Hamlet has done justice to himself and the Claudius. This story also portrays that Hamlet is insane and this is to show people that he is not sure or unsure about his Father’s killer. This also leaves a doubt in the mind of the reader and the audience. People really feel that he has gone mad until they find the drama arranged by Hamlet really kills the Claudius. The Hamlet could have killed Claudius very earlier, which could have spoiled, the whole thrill of the story. Here just acting insane, Hamlet played a game with Claudius of

How EU policy affects the European Automotive Industry Essay

How EU policy affects the European Automotive Industry - Essay Example However, during the last five years, there has been a slowdown in economic output across the EU, and, while the forecasts are positive, modest growth of 2.0%-2.3% is expected in 2004. Weak growth has led to reduced consumer and business confidence. Industrial production has decreased, including the production of durable consumer goods. Levels of private consumption have fluctuated during early 2003, following modest growth in the previous two years. This is partly due to poor labor market conditions, with EU unemployment rising during 2003. Economic indicators are weak in some major EU economies such as Germany, France, Italy and Spain. Only the United Kingdom (UK) has managed to resist these trends (Trends and drivers). This has greatly affected the car industry, given the car's status as the ultimate consumer and fashion item, as well as the importance of engineering and design in the manufacturing process. Average profit margins have declined from around 10% in the 1960s to less t han 5% today, and some volume car makers are actually losing money (EMCC dossier). Despite increasing competition worldwide, European automotive has maintained a strong position in exports and global sales. The strong bond between Europe's vehicle manufacturers and the sophisticated customer base in the largest car market in the world constitutes a prominent competitive advantage, while the notable presence of European producers in emerging markets, such as China and the Russian Federation, offers a potential for future growth and profits (info-crono-archivio). Furthermore, EU enlargement created new opportunities for the European automotive industry. The combination of expertise, affordable labor and the proximity to the large European markets has led to the emergence of a very dynamic cluster in the new Member States - especially Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Hungary (info-crono-archivio).Despite these advantages, many challenges remain: the EU automotive industry lags behind the US and Japan in terms of productivity. Labor productivity in the EU-15 is 25 per cent lower than in the US and 30 per cent lower than in Japan; labor costs per hour worked in the EU-15 are comparable to those in the US, but more than ten per cent above those in Japan and almost three times as high as in Korea (data for 2001, converted using purchasing power parities). Annual working time in the automotive industry in EU-15 is more than 20 per cent shorter than in the US (in 2001); there are major technological challenges ahead, most prominently the fuel cell (info-crono-archivio). Influences of EU policies European legislation is one of the main drivers of the European automotive industry. Emissions and recycling legislation have a strong impact both on vehicle technologies and construction (Trends and drivers). EC, industry and consumer concerns for environmental sustainability, road safety and mobility have led to a number of significant technological developments. These have both positive and negative effects on profitability. For example, a limited number of specialist high technology suppliers might prosper while vehicle makers see their already narrow profit margins cut even further. Such a development would make vehicle makers vulnerable to further consolidation and restrict

Marketing strategies in different markets of ferrari

Marketing strategies in different markets of ferrari The sports car brand Ferrari when focused, I analyzed their success and marketing strategies in different markets, one the German and second Italian market and worldwide. For information I used business theories such as the product life cycle, marketing mix, analysis of positioning and segmentation. These two large economically stable countries are different; Ferrari does not make many differences in the way of selling cars. The company being recognized by its rearing- stallion logo is up to speed. The Italian Co. volume sales to build its status brand by producing 6,400 high-performance sports cars a year, with the initial price about $140,000. GT and sports model include models like Spider, Scaglietti and Ferrari California. The companys F1 model brings Ferrari drivers close to the racing experience. Since 1947, the exclusive cars have been manufactured in Maranello, Italy and sold through strategically selected dealerships. Fiat S.p.A group holds 85% stake in Ferrari , Piero Ferra ri, son of Ferraris founder, owns 10%. Throughout the history of the company it has been noted for its continuous participation in racing mainly on Formula 1 where they have achieved great success. For the growth the company has launched a Ferrari World Theme Park in Abu Dhabi in the year 2010 which is also leading them to gain profits as people are attracted towards it. The sales have been increasing at an increasing rate from 2004-2008, in 2008 they had performed above average with a record breaking sales of above 6587 cars in a year for the first time, as result their turnover increased by 16% while the profit has been increased by ravishing 75%. But due recession hitting in fall 2008, the sales volume drastically fell by 85% in November 2008 (the sales reduced to 92 cars from 600 cars a month). As a result in 2009 there has been a fall in sales, turnover and profit. INTRODUCTION The history of Ferrari is incomplete without mentioning that Enzo Ferrari worked for Alfa Romeo from 1920-1929, after which he raced for another 10years for Alfas. From the time he was 12 he knew he wanted to be a race driver, the dream which he achieved at Alfa and adopted the cavallino, or prancing horse, insignia for his Alfa race car. In 1929 Enzo left Alfa to start his privately owned Alfa Romeo racing team known as Scuderia Ferrari in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari did not race cars with the name Ferrari; the Ferrari shop built its first car in Modena in 1937 the Alfa Romeo 158 Grand Prix Racer. The first championship they got was in 1952-1953 season. Ferrari started making sports cars in order to finance his Grand Prix and Le Mans adventures. Ferrari headed the company until he stepped down in 1971 and died in his hometown of Modena. His name is the most famous in motor sports. In 1952 the emblem of the prancing horse was created which is still used today. THE MARKET ENVIORNMENT:- The geographical market: in todays market Ferrari is facing tough competitors like Lamborghini, Porsche, BMW and Aston Martin. To survive in the market the competitors try and make highly innovative designs and high quality performance. They are in an automotive industry and have a subsidiary type of business and it was started by Enzo Ferrari. The headquarters of Ferrari are located in Maranello, Italy. It had remarkable revenue à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1,921 million (2008). The owners of Ferrari are Fiat group 85%, Mubadala Development Company 5%. PEST-G analysis:- Political: the environmental protection laws in the company have come out with launching eco-friendly system in the car which will reduce pollution in the atmosphere, which politically will affect the taxation system as the consumers demand will increase. Economic: in the economic conditions Ferrari tries to be successful and profitable at any time because it affects its capital cost and demand. The timing and relative success of the company can be influenced by the economic conditions. The government decision plays an important role in the companys progress. Social: it depicts the demand and taste of the consumer demanded by the company which varies with the fashion and disposable income. Ferrari organization should be aware of the demographic changes such as the structure of the population by ages, affluence, regions and numbers working. Technology: the company tries to launch the latest technology for its automobiles as a competitive advantage for itself but it should keep in mind that technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a treat to itself. On the other hand new technology could provide a useful input, in both manufacturing and service industries. THE COMPETITION The main competitors: in the market of Ferrari the competitors it faces are Lamborghini, BMW, Porsche and Aston Martin which has better performance and color and high quality maintenance Ferrari could face tough competition in the following. Sales and profit trend: The Middle Eastern and Far Asian sales of the competitive company has increased from 15.0-21.8% and also increased the unit sales from 2406-2430, which means the growth of 1%. The profit reports a decrease in worldwide sales for the first six months of the financial year 2009, in spite of which the company is still maintaining overall profitability among the major markets. Market Share: the company car tax efficiency, class-leading residual values and whole life costs have resulted in competitors winning a record share of the UK contract hire and leasing market. The competitors share of market has reached an all-time high of 8.8%-2.7% points up on the previous results. Target Markets: the competitors target market is upper-class people with high level of income. They focus on a person who mostly looks for luxury. In the future automobiles will have tough competition for selling the most environmental friendly vehicles. THE COMPANY Sales and profit trend: Ferrari announced a significant increase in both profits and sales for the second quarter of 2010, driven by the success of two new models, the California and 485, as well as demands for Ferrari 599 GTO. Revenue rose 8.6% year on year to EUR488m Euro and vehicle unit sales were 2.6% up at 1,615 units. Trading profit was up 10% to EUR77m. Market share: the companys total sales were 3,226 cars for customers around the world but it was 8% less compared to the year 2008. The market share price was up but was low on sales as the share increased by 10 to 32.8% in 2009. Business sector: the company was found in 1947 by Enzo Ferrari in Italy. They had highest sales was in the year 2008 despite seeing the period of recession. It has achieved one of the highest awards which were in the year 1997 (FCA) which was given in the annual meet, it also achieved the Platino Award for its reorganization. Project focus: the product of the company is an automobile, the brand name is Ferrari, it has launched models such as- Ferrari 308 GT4, Ferrari 550 Maranello, Ferrari 360 Modena Spider, Ferrari Challenge Stardale, Ferrari 430 Monza and many more. Their main segment is focused on F1 races. It mostly races in Italian and Australian Grand Prix. SWOT analysis :- STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Extremely strong brand image Takes on new challenges on a constant basis Innovation Technology are key drivers behind the product Is looked upon as a status symbol. Ferraris business model, based around low volumes, removes the possibility of employing certain technological solutions Some models also limit their sales volumes even though a lot more demand is present in the market Due to their waiting list model, they lose out on customers to the competition A big challenge lying in wait is fuel efficiency emissions which are growing in importance every day, OPPERTUNITIES THREATS Growth in global market for high-performance super-cars due to growing economies developing nations Expansion of the brand through entering into new important automotive markets like India wherein competitors like Porsche have already set up base Enlargement of customer base maintaining Ferrari characteristics-performance, style and exclusivity. Development of technology has opened up new avenues to explore for their products. Tough competition from other iconic super car brands like Lamborghini Porsche. Automotive policies being pushed by countries continents all over the world which are being strictly enforced like the emission norms of 130g/km of CO2 are very difficult to keep up with due to the performance oriented nature of the engines built by Ferrari A competing brand like Porsche does not follow the same low volumes, high on exclusivity model which is followed by Ferrari hence sells a lot more of its products. THE COMPANYS MARKETING STRATEGY Segmentation:- demographic segmentation defines market accordingly White / Caucasian 89% Age 51.5 Married 83% Total in household- 2.94 Total of children 0.75 Education 79% Psychological Segmentation identifies market according to lifestyle characteristics Targeting: the identification of target markets based on the regional, urban, or rural locations of the customers. The company has different models of vehicles to help each individual accomplish a safe drive where ever they are coming from. Positioning: Ferrari is a car in the Super Luxury sub- category and is distinctly more expensive compared to the luxury cars such as BMW, Lexus and Mercedes. It is probably the only car maker that never worries at competition price its name is unmatchable. It is one of a kind automobile that doesnt need to be compared to other brands since it has a well-developed name in the cars market. The latest innovation is the 360 Modena, the 360 Modena combines Ferrari heritage with innovation. Differentiation/Low Cost Leadership/Focus: it is a unique automotive which painted in race red as this was the customary national racing color of Italy. The company is currently focusing on its own performance in Abu Dhabi. Growth strategy: the company opens an office in Dubai airport free zone, sales have been in double digits in the last couple of years. It is only natural to open a regional office in Dubai which is experiencing rapid economic growth along with the UAE and the entire Gulf region. THE MARKETING MIX Product:- Vehicles of high performance Carrazzeria Scagliette- program to allow clients to personalizing their cars A statement of class. Price: least expensive Ferrari: 360 Modena-$170,200 and most expensive Ferrari: Enzo- $700,000. Place:- 1 location in Vancouver 2 locations in Toronto 1 location in Montreal Location in Yorkville and Woodbridge Promotion:- F1 advertise through their use of F1 race car Brochure information about the different models. Reputation Relay on words of mouth, since the car meets a small amount of societies demand( cost)they expect customers who have interest to visit a dealership for more information Ferrari knows well of their clients. People, processes, physical evidence:- the 2010 Ferrari 458 Italia would be headline news from any car company since it is an attempt to bring forward the concept of an exotic sports car into an age more conscious of efficiency EVALUATION OF THE COMPANYS STATEGIES AND TACTICS Evaluation of the companys current position: currently the company has closed the quarter with a trading profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39 million. The decline was attributable on one side, to a less favorable product mix and, on the other hand, to the fact that newly -released F458 Italia provided a limited contribution for the period. The success of 8- cylinder models continued in the first quarter of 2010, with numerous awards and recognitions being received by the California and the F458 Italia. Evidence of the companys success:- Ferrari SpA, the maker of the $228,000 California supercar, will increase profit by more than 10% this year , helped by a surge in demand in emerging markets, said Chairman Luca Cordero di Montezemolo. Ferraris earnings before interest, taxes and one-time gains / losses, or trading profit increased by 10% to 77 million Euros in second quarter as the revenues increased. China sales increased 20% in the first half. The company was also successful in launching the Ferrari Theme Park in Abu Dhabi. Prospects for future growth/success: the luxury car maker company plans to start selling in India in the beginning of the year.2012 Ferrari 458 Italia Spider is the future model to be launched although it hasnt been officially announced, an open-up version of the 458 Italia is on its way in 2011 and the 2013, the final addition to the Italia lineup will be the Scuderia track model, which will leave behind some luxury in return for less weight improved performance. BCG MATRIX The company is large enough to be organized into strategic business sector facing the challenge. Cash cows: Ferrari has a vast market share in a slow growing industry. Cash cows require investment and generate cash which can be used to invest in other business units. Star: the company is leading in the high growth markets. They are generating huge amount of cash from the F1 races and have also used cash for launching new projects. Question marks: the company did not achieve a dominant market position, and do not generate much cash. Due to growth of the market they use most of the cash. The company by launching new sports cars and taking part in races is a rapidly growing market. Dogs: comparing to the Ferrari company sports cars other company cars have little future as they gain less cash by virtue of their low market share. CONCLUSION By analyzing the above report I can conclude the company is doing good as its sales and profit are good even in this time of recession compared to other competitive companies (i.e Lamborghini, Porsche, Maserati etc). Also their future projects are interesting which will attract the young generation. Ferrari achieves most of its success from the Formula 1 races by wining many awards, and also they have been successful in their recent launch of the Theme Park and aiming to launch more in other countries APPENDICES

Chilc Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Each year in the USA there are approximately one million reports of child maltreatment, about 25% relate to physical abuse and about 1000 children die of maltreatment each year (US Department of Health and Human Services 1999). During the past few decades, researchers have aimed at detecting the children, who are at high risk of becoming victims of abuse, so that appropriate interventions can be undertaken. The risk factors that have been emphasized include characteristics of the child, family, and social environment, and the relationship. One of the risk factors that have been widely studied is the parents’ upbringing, specifically whether he or she was abused as a child. This risk factor is often referred to as intergenerational transmission of child abuse. Soon after Kempe introduced the â€Å"Battered Child Syndrome† a number of reports began to appear which suggested that abusive parents were themselves abused as children (Curtis 1963; Galdston 1965; Wasserman 1973). Since this concept was presented there has been a considerable amount of research done on the subject. Steele (1983) declared that â€Å" with few exceptions, parents or other caretakers who maltreat babies, were themselves neglected (with or without physical abuse) in their own earliest years†(p. 235). In contrast, Cicchetti and Aber (1980) have asserted that empirical support for intergenerational transmission is lacking. Kaufman and Zigler (1987) reviewed evidence suggesting that abused children become abusive parents and concl uded that the case for transmission across generations has been overstated. Looking back on past investigations gives support for intergenerational transmission, almost without exception. These investigations identify maltreating parents and then interview them about their own childhood. Investigations done with and without control groups indicate abusing parents report high rates of having been abused physically during childhood (Steele and Pollock 1974; Horowitz and Wollock 1981; Oliver 1978; Kotelchuk 1982; Friedrich and Wheeler 1982). Kaufman and Zigler have pointed out the problem with using results stemming from retrospective investigations to estimate the effect of an abused-abusing cycle. Because these investigations don’t have access to parents who were mistreated as children, they tend to overestimate the incidence of the maltreated-maltreating cycle. There are a... ... Reference 1. Cicchetti, D., and Aber, J.L. Abused children-abusive parents: An overstated Case? Harvard Educational Review (1980) 50:244-55. 2. Curtis, G. C. Violence breeds violence-perhaps? American Journal of Psychiatry (1963) 120:386-87. 3. Friedrich, W. N., and Wheeler, K. K. The abusing parent revisited: A decade of psychological research. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1982) 170:577-87. 4. Gladston, R. Observations on children who have been physically abused and their parents. American Journal of Psychiatry (19665) 122:440-43. 5. Hilberman, E. Overview : The â€Å"wife-beater’s wife† reconsidered. American Journal of Psychiatry (1980) 137:1336-47. 6. Horowitz, B., and Wollock, I. Maternal deprivation, child maltreatment and agency interventions among poor families. In L. Pelton, eds. The Social Context of Child Abuse and Neglect. Human Sciences Press, 1981. 7. Kadushin, A., and Martin, J. Child Abuse: An Interactional Event. Columbia University Press 1981. 8. Kaufman, J., and Zigler, E. Do abused children become abusive parents? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry (1987) 57:186-92. 9. Kotelchuk, M. Child abuse and neglect: Prediction and misclassification.

France †Change over Time Essay (French Revolution) Essay

*As the title indicates, this is a change/continuity AP essay written for World History class. Vaguely, the essay question was: Describe change and continuity in France from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s.*Like many other European nations in the 1700’s, France experienced a dramatic shift of sentiments against the monarchy, nobility, and Catholic Church as the people, fired by rousing new Enlightenment ideals, began to question authority and emphasize the need for equality, liberty, and democracy. The social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods – the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte and his downfall, and the new order brought about by the Congress of Vienna; central to these changes were Enlightenment influence, nationalism, and France’s relations with other countries. However, despite the great social upheavals of this time period, gender roles remained more or less unchanged and although women had begun to rouse the idea of women’s rights, little changed in the way that society viewed women because men still held economic power. France was the most advanced country of Europe in the 1700’s, home to many leading philosophers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu. Despite its prominence, it was experiencing domestic instability and civil unrest. The aloof King Louis XVI paid little attention to what was happening outside his opulent court and was unable to control the rebellions when they started cropping up. Goaded by Enlightenment ideas, the lower classes began to demand equality and liberty. When their demands were not met, they stormed the French prison Bastille on July 14, 1789 and the revolution was truly underway. The National Assembly became the dominant political power, taking away the feudal privileges of the First and Second Estates and establishing control over church lands. It created a limited constitutional monarchy, giving Legislative power to the Assembly. Wary of rebellions within their own borders, Austria and Prussia attempted to preserve absolute monarchy in Europe by quelling the French revolution. The Legislative Assembly responded by setting aside the Constitution of 1791, deposing the king, and creating a new governing body. A consequent Reign of Terror ensued during which the Jacobins, and later on Robespierre, gained power and instituted a period of  wide spread executions and radical policies. It was during this period that use of the guillotine became popular. Eventually, the Reign of Terror was overthrown and a moderate government under the Directory was installed. This period saw France change from an absolute monarchy to a period of radical rule then finally to a more moderate form of government. Throughout this, women played a key role in facilitating the spread of ideas by opening their salons to Enlightenment thinkers, creating an environment for new philosophies to form and proliferate. However, they had little direct power and were still seen as inferior to man, albeit new Enlightenment ideals of equality. The Directory chose talented military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, to become general of the French army; he later moved on to become one of three counsels holding executive power. However, Napoleon’s coup d’etat would put all of France under his control and return France to an absolute monarchy. Napoleon’s reign achieved many Enlightenment ideals despite his Hobbes-like policies; he equalized taxation, repaired the corrupt government, struck a balance between state and church power, and created the Napoleonic Code. He managed to quell the Austrian threat although he did not succeed in Egypt. Napoleon turned away from the New World and sought, instead, to create French dominance in Europe, conquering many neighboring countries and establishing control over Spain and Portugal. Unfortunately, his three mistakes – the Continental System, the Peninsular War, and the invasion of Russia – eventually caused his downfall. The Fourth Coalition, comprised of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria, defeated Napoleon and exiled him to the island of Elba. Despite a brief attempt to regain control of France, called the Hundred Days, Napoleon would never again dominate France. During Napoleon’s reign, France saw the return of the absolute ruler. However, growing nationalism brought about Napoleon’s removal from power. This period is also marked by the continuity of woman’s role in France. Despite the tumultuous events of the time, women saw little change in their rights and status. Philosophers like Mary Wollstonecraft found little support for her ideas and France politics and society continued to be a male dominated arena. After Napoleon’s removal from power, the Congress of Vienna, comprised of Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain, and France, met to forge peace. Using conservative polices, the map of Europe was redrawn to ensure the balance of power and monarchs were restored, created peace in Europe until 1853. However, the French revolution had flamed a support for nationalism as more conquered nations demanded autonomy; the majority of the rebellions were unsuccessful. France had a final revolution had removed the monarchy for good and established a democratic republic. France had finally made the transition from absolute monarchy to democracy. With this change came many social changes such as the end of serfdom in Western Europe and the decreased power of the nobility and the increased importance of wealth in determining power. Women continued to work for women’s rights, including suffrage, but were met with unenthusiastic responses. In fact, despite the radical political changes France had undergone, gender roles hardly changed at all, demonstrating the continuity of women’s status from the time of Louis XVI to after the Congress of Vienna. On a global scale, the basic trends of the French Revolution were very similar to those of the American Revolution. Both were flamed by Enlightenment thinkers advocating equality and liberty and democracy over monarchy and Church control. Both would encourage other rebellions later on – the American Revolutionary ideas would spread to Latin America while French Revolution sentiments would bring about revolts in Germany, Hungary, and other parts of Europe. Woman’s rights also remained rather static in both areas of the world; it would be several more years before women’s rights were considered seriously. The main difference, however, lay in the fact that while the US simply separated itself from Britain authority, France underwent the whole transformation, from absolute monarchy to democracy, despite the periods of unrest in between. The 1700’s was a period of great change in Europe, and France’s progression from absolute monarchy to democracy illustrates the movements of Enlightenment thinkers and the growth of nationalism and the new importance of domestic stability and a satisfied lower class. Three distinct time periods – Louis XVI’s rule and the Reign of Terror, Napoleon’s reign, and  Europe following the Congress of Vienna – illustrated this profound political change. Throughout the political change, however, was continuity in women’s rights and status. Gender roles remained largely the same. There were many parallels between the French Revolution and the American Revolution, depicting an international trend – the growing power of democratic governments. Bibliography All information from AP World History textbookWorld Civilizations: The Global Experience, Third Edition, AP* Edition

How to Classify Chemical Reaction Orders Using Kinetics

How to Classify Chemical Reaction Orders Using Kinetics Chemical reactions can be classified based on their reaction  kinetics, the study of reaction rates. Kinetic theory states that  minute particles of all matter are in constant motion and that the temperature of a substance is dependent on the velocity of this motion.  Increased motion is accompanied by increased temperature. The general reaction form is: aA bB → cC dD Reactions are categorized as zero-order, first-order, second-order, or mixed-order (higher-order) reactions. Key Takeaways: Reaction Orders in Chemistry Chemical reactions may be assigned reaction orders that describe their kinetics.The types of orders are zero-order, first-order, second-order, or mixed-order.A zero-order reaction proceeds at a constant rate. A first-order reaction rate depends on the concentration of one of the reactants. A second-order reaction rate is proportional to the square of the concentration of a reactant or the product of the concentration of two reactants. Zero-Order Reactions Zero-order reactions (where order 0) have a constant rate. The rate of a zero-order reaction is constant and independent of the concentration of reactants. This rate is independent of the concentration of the reactants. The rate law is: rate k, with k having the units of M/sec. First-Order Reactions A first-order reaction (where order 1) has a rate proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants.  The rate of a first-order reaction is proportional to the concentration of one reactant.  A common example of a first-order reaction is  radioactive decay, the spontaneous process through which an unstable  atomic nucleus  breaks into smaller, more stable fragments. The rate law is: rate k[A] (or B instead of A), with k having the units of sec-1 Second-Order Reactions A second-order reaction (where order 2) has a rate proportional to the concentration of the square of a single reactant or the product of the concentration of two reactants. The formula is: rate k[A]2 (or substitute B for A or k multiplied by the concentration of A times the concentration of B), with the units of the rate constant M-1sec-1 Mixed-Order or Higher-Order Reactions Mixed order reactions have a fractional order for their rate, such as: rate k[A]1/3 Factors Affecting Reaction Rate Chemical kinetics predicts that the rate of a chemical reaction will be increased by factors that increase the kinetic energy of the reactants (up to a point), leading to the increased likelihood that the reactants will interact with each other. Similarly, factors that decrease the chance of reactants colliding with each other may be expected to lower the reaction rate. The main factors that affect reaction rate are: The concentration of reactants: A higher concentration of reactants leads to more collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.)Temperature: Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate.The presence of catalysts: Catalysts  (such as enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.  The physical state of reactants: Reactants in the same phase may come into contact via thermal action, but surface area and agitation affect reactions between reactants in different phases.Pressure: For reactions involving gases, raising pressure increases the collisions between reactants, increasing the reaction rate. While chemical kinetics can predict the rate of a chemical reaction, it does not determine the extent to which the reaction occurs.

Inventors of the Modern Computer

Inventors of the Modern Computer In November of 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the worlds first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715), invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits  revolutionized computer design, the only place to go was down in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible. The History of Intel In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were two unhappy engineers working for the Fairchild Semiconductor Company who decided to quit and create their own company at a time when many Fairchild employees were leaving to create start-ups. People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the Fairchildren. Robert Noyce typed himself a one-page idea of what he wanted to do with his new company, and that was enough to convince San Francisco venture capitalist Art Rock to back Noyces and Moores new venture. Rock raised $2.5 million dollars in less than 2 days. Intel Trademark The name Moore Noyce was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so the two founders decided upon the name Intel for their new company, a shortened version of Integrated Electronics. Intels first money-making product was the 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip. One Chip Does the Work of Twelve In late 1969, a potential client from Japan called Busicom, asked to have twelve custom chips designed. Separate chips for keyboard scanning, display control, printer control and other functions for a Busicom-manufactured calculator. Intel did not have the manpower for the job but they did have the brainpower to come up with a solution. Intel engineer, Ted Hoff decided that Intel could build one chip to do the work of twelve. Intel and Busicom agreed and funded the new programmable, general-purpose logic chip. Federico Faggin headed the design team along with Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor, who wrote the software for the new chip. Nine months later, a revolution was born. At 1/8th inch wide by 1/6th inch long and consisting of 2,300 MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistors, the baby chip had as much power as the ENIAC, which had filled 3,000 cubic feet with 18,000 vacuum tubes. Cleverly, Intel decided to buy back the design and marketing rights to the 4004 from Busicom for $60,000. The next year Busicom went bankrupt, they never produced a product using the 4004. Intel followed a clever marketing plan to encourage the development of applications for the 4004 chip, leading to its widespread use within months. The Intel 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 was the worlds first universal microprocessor. In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intels Ted Hoff felt differently; he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible. Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimeters. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Todays 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second - numbers that are sure to be outdated fast.

Article Summary and Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Article Summary and Reaction Paper - Essay Example Nevertheless, Parga visited the Karow Chiropractic Center and treated for the injuries (Sacasa, 2014). The treatment cost was settled by Allstate Insurance that amounted to $ 19 386.25. Later, FBI investigators unraveled the fraud. Investigators made arrests and charges on Ricardo Pargas and Alien Moya. They both attested guilty. The FBI (2015) recognizes insurance fraud as among the greatest challenges to insurance companies in the U.S that costs nearly $40 billion, annually. The incidence at West Palm Beach, Florida involved violation of the Florida Insurance Fraud Statute (Penal Code, Title XLVI, Chapter 817) (The Florida Legislature, 2015). The law outlines circumstances that involve insurance fraud. The insurance fraud greatly affected the insurance company, Allstate Insurance, which had to pay $ 19 386.25 as compensation for fraudulent claims. The articles describe the impact of staged accidents to the insurance company. Under the law, insurance fraud is punishable as provided in subsection (11) when rendered the accused is guilty of either having an intent to cause injury, knowingly engages in the defraud or has motives to deceive the insurer. Charges are also applicable when there is evidence that the accused is proven to knowingly disguise critical information when filing the claim. Sacasa, A. (2014, September 25). West Palm man jailed in staged auto crash ring. Sun Sentinel. Retrieved May 2, 2015 from, http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2014-09-25/local/fl-west-palm-staged-crash-fraud-20140925_1_staged-crashes-minor-crash-alien-moya The Florida Legislature. (2015). The 2014 Florida Statutes: Florida Insurance Fraud Statute (Penal Code, Title XLVI, Chapter 817). Retrieved May 2, 2015 from,

Reflective Report includee 2 tasks M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Reflective Report includee 2 tasks M - Essay Example I also expected to combine work and study in order to finance my personal needs, acquire valuable work experience as well as improve my professional network. I have learned how to live in a multicultural environment since I came to the UK even though there were a lot of challenges in adapting to the life in UK. I have also become a more sociable and confident person from interacting with individuals from diverse backgrounds. I have been exposed to different experiences and cultures of which I wouldn’t have if I was not in the UK. Before I came to the UK I was very shy unlike now. It was not easy for me to make major decision all by myself but the experience here has made me more independent. Among the things I have learnt at Greenwich is how to combine both the theoretical and practical aspects of my studies in real life situations. This has been very helpful to me since theory doesn’t always aid one in getting a placement, an internship or a job. Given that English is not my first language, communication proved quite an uphill task for me at first but I eventually had to learn how to use it fluently. I have learnt to improve my English by wide range of educative books such as those which target international student learning English. This was very useful in the beginning since English in such books is written in a manner that is somewhat simplified. This made it easy for me to learn and understand English. I also sharpened my skills by frequently watching English TV episodes. This made learning more fun. I also engaged in discussions with my fellow student. This improved my communication skills since I can now confidently express myself in English. Since I started learning at the Greenwich University, my study skills have greatly improved. I have learnt to always prepare for my classes at the most appropriate time. For classes that involve recitation, I spend time making questions regarding previous recitation, brushing up on the

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Financial Management - Essay Example Due to the soaring or not-for-profit organizations, there has been the need for the implementation of financial management mechanisms to ensure that grants of funds from donors are used for their intended purposes. To ensure this, these organizations ought to create a budget indicating all the activities they intend to do and how much these activities would cost. Subsequently, rules and regulations should be set to govern how funds are used. There are regulatory bodies in every country whose main objective is to assess whether not-for-profit organizations comply with legal and ethical standards related to management. Not-for-profit organizations get their funds from individual donors, institutional donors, and even governments. For-profit organizations, on the other hand, get their funds from investors. In performance evaluation, a tool referred to a balanced scorecard is used to evaluate performance based on clients perspectives, financial perspectives, learning perspective, and als o on the basis of internal processes or procedures. One of the recommendations is the adoption of this tool in financial evaluating performance and implement strategies to ensure compliance. Subsequently, it is also important to have a clear vision for the organization in order to ensure funds are used for their intended purposes. . To effectively understand and comprehend these issues, it is of significance to define a nonprofit organization as well as a for-profit organization. A for-profit organization can be referred to as a commercial entity of organization. In other words, this main objective is to generate revenue. A nonprofit organization, on the other hand, is an organization established with the main objective of helping the society in general rather than for commercial purposes. In addition, a nonprofit organization is excused from paying levies as opposed to a for-profit organization where all services and commodities

Tale characters are all presented Essay Example for Free

Tale characters are all presented Essay Gilead is a very unique world, thanks to Margaret Atwood! In The Handmaids Tail, it seems like all the characters are presented in a way which hides one part of their personalities. For the commander, it is his acceptation of the world he partly created, his happiness, which is hidden. He doesnt seem to be happy, but in fact he is. In this essay, I will show you that the commander really likes the way his life has taken and that he is an hypocritical and selfish man. The Commander lives a very normal life, comparatively to every character of the novel : he has a job which he goes to every day, he has a wife (lets not talk about her any further ), friends (his club), and a mistress(or more than one? )! It is true that his wife does not give him the hapiness a wife should, but in general, the Commander is a pleased man, for he has or obtain everything he wants. Also, lets not forget the fact that hes one of the creators of Gilead, and therefore can have access to anything thats still existing. The power he has is unlimited, and God knows power makes people happy. So, in short, the Commander is a pleased man because he is powerfull, sexually satisfied, and has an active social life. On an other side, he is a very hypocritical man and is also very selfish. The best example to prouve this is his relation with Offred. It is presented in a way that make the reader think he is nice to her, but in fact he is nice to him! He doesnt play scrabble with her so she can have fun, but because he is bored at night and wants to be entertained. In the club scene, he even says to Offred : You cant cheat Nature, Nature demands variety for men. There, hes trying to justify his acts towards her, his hypocrisy. Hes telling her that it is normal that this sort of underground club exists, for human need to be entertained and have a social life. This is really a significant trait of the real Commander : we see through these paroles that, for him, life kept going almost the same as before. His relation with Offred is therefore normal for him, since you cant cheat nature, and it shows all the selfishness of the act ; he doesnt really care about what she can feel since he does this entirely for his own satisfaction. In short, the Commander uses Offred as a tool, not letting her know he is, to satisfy his own needs ; thats why I say he is hypocritical and selfish. So, the Commander is not as white as snow. Looking through his character, you can see hes not as nice as he seems, as careful about Offreds hapiness as he lets her think. In fact, hes a selfish and powerful man that is totally in control of the people surrounding him, except for his wife, which he is scared of because of the power the wifes have in Gilead. We can say he is a very interesting character 533 words(Microsoft word count) Julien Duguay-McEvoy Matricule 0142092 Ci gep du Vieux Montri al English Language Culture 604-103-03 Character Analysis Handed in November 15th 2001 To Misses Caroline Orton Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section. r

Grey Marketing And Parallel Imports Economics Essay

Grey Marketing And Parallel Imports Economics Essay Parallel trade or Grey market is a thriving business that is growing in most underdeveloped and developing countries today. This paper looks into the issues surrounding the grey market such as its impact on the people and the manufacturers along with the advantages and disadvantages of such a market thriving within a locality. Additionally the research also looks into the future prospects of parallel trade along with the primary reasons behind its existence. Introduction Grey marketing or parallel importing basically refers to the distribution or selling of products and goods which are trademarked to the customers without the express approval or knowledge of the original manufacturers consent through unauthorized distribution channels. These kind of markets are not classified as illegal markets as they products and goods are not physically stolen but are actually original pieces. The only issue is that the way the products are being sold is not actually approved of by the manufacturers. These goods and products can be termed to be illegal only if they violate either the product regulations or the licensing contract of the original manufacturer. The main reason for the existence of such a market is the price differential that exists in two different markets. For example, the higher resale potential of a product in a different market is what drives the existence of such a market. The price differential between two markets give an opportunity for the products to be bought in a place where it is relatively cheaper and sold at a considerably higher prices where the product is not available (Engardio et al., 1988). There are certain other factors which lead to gray marketing, such as: 1. When the genuine goods have set a performance, price channel, and market recognition that ensure demand and minimize consumer education. 2. A lack of focus by the authorized channel in the markets. A particular product may not be available in a market which forces the consumers to look for alternative ways to acquire the product. People who are involved in gray marketing may see the imbalance of supply and demand as an opportunity to make profits. 3. A significant change in the behavior of the consumers which may lead to an increased demand for lower priced products which may be accelerated by the governmental policies (Mathur, 1995). In an international context however, it tends to have a unexpected impact on the branding and brand equity. However, it does lead to a increase in the market share of the products and also aids in penetrating a closed market (Mitchell, 1998). This type of markets provides access to parallel trades wherein products that are protected by a patent or trademark are generally purchased legally from the retailer and which is then exported to another country without the authorization of the local manufacturer of the original product (Maskus, 2000b). Parallel imports mainly occur due to international price differences which could in turn be caused due to price discrimination, national differences in governmental price controls or vertical pricing restraints. One of the main areas in which parallel imports are heatedly debated is in the pharmaceutical sector. Parallel imports can be seen all over the world among the European Union countries the United States etc. Losses due to grey marketing Grey marketing and parallel imports also can be seen in the service sectors such as Telecom sectors, Health industry etc. In fact according to (Philip, 2005), the Indian telecom sector has incurred losses amounting to Rupees 458 crores since 1998. According to data compiled by the department, over 60 per cent of the revenue losses have been reported from Delhi and Maharashtra, with violations to the tune of Rs 290 crores. Grey market frauds of about Rs 60 crores had been registered in Andhra Pradesh, followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat at Rs 36 crores, Rs 35 crores and Rs 15 crores respectively. These six states also accounted for over 95 per cent of revenue losses through illegal telecom set-ups, the Dept of Telecom added. Parallel trade can be extensively seen in the cell phone market. It all started with the emergence os the GSM international standard in 1990 after which the phones could be used anywhere in the planet prompting an increase in the demand for cell phones in markets where cell phone manufacturers still had not ventured into which in turn increased the size of the parallel market. According to (Sugden, 2009), about 30% of the cell phones traded are sold through a grey market and this statistics continue to be on the rise. This is about 500,000 cell phones which are bought and sold through unofficial channels every single day. An example of this is in the case of Apple iphones. These were released in select markets only. However, due to their popularity, they were in huge demand in other countries, where the consumers had no choice but to either procure it from a grey market trader or wait for the company to officially launch their products in that country. Theory of Parallel imports Parallel imports affect a wide range of industries, spreading from traditional luxury and brand- name consumer products (wines, cameras, and watches) to industrial products. Industry sources estimate that parallel imports account for 10% of IBM ¿Ã‚ ½s PC sales, 20% of Sharp ¿Ã‚ ½s copier sales, and 20% to 30% of the world cosmetics and fragrances sales (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). Belgium, for example, despite the fact that it has no auto mobile industry is a major car exporter in Europe ¿Ã‚ ½more than 25,000 cars some years. This export success story is because cars are cheaper in Belgium than in nearby countries, due to tax differences (Weigand 1991). Another trend relating to parallel imports, is that this has evolved from basically a U.S. problem in the 1980 ¿Ã‚ ½s into a world -wide phenomenon in the 90 ¿Ã‚ ½s (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). When the U.S. dollar was strong, during the 1981-1986 period, the number of cars purchased in Europe by U.S. tourists grew 2,000%. In 1986 the total value of products distributed through unauthorized channels in the U.S. reached a peak of $10 billion (Palia and Keown, 1991). This direction was reversed in subsequent years as other parts of the world, especially Asia and Europe, experienced rapid appreciation in their currencies and a corresponding surge of parallel imports (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). A 1991 survey of U. S. exporters to Asia showed that 41% of 141 respondents reported having problems with parallel imports in the past five years (Palia and Keown 1991). In 1990 pharmaceutical parallel imports in the European Community stood at $500 million (Lynn 1991, quoted in Ahmadi and Yang, 1995 , p. 3). In an increasingly integrated world, the annual growth rate of parallel imports has been estimated to be 22%, and this is expected to rise as new trade agreements, like NAFTA and GATT, further lower trade barriers across nations. There are essentially two reasons why parallel imports occur in international markets. The parallel import or  ¿Ã‚ ½grey market ¿Ã‚ ½ exists because foreign manufacturers practice price discrimination among countries and grey market sellers arbitrage these price differences. Second, parallel importers are more efficient than authorized sellers because parallel imports compete with the goods of authorized sellers, in turn leading to lower prices that are beneficial to consumers. Those favoring parallel imports argue that international price discrimination restrict competition to the disadvantage of consumers in countries having higher prices. They say that parallel imports foster competition and efficiency, thus benefiting consumers in importing countries. Some researchers argue that, while it is clear that active parallel imports cannot exist without price differentials between countries, the source of these differentials is not quite so apparent (Weigand, 1991). Depending on the type of goods involved and the character of the market for the product, price differentials can be the result of a variety of factors, ranging from honest enterprise, such as a diverter who takes advantage of favorable foreign currency exchange rates and engages in a sort of product arbitrage, to a manufacturer who attempts to discriminate by price in different (usually foreign) markets. Therefore, in regard of the process of parallel imports, there is no end to the imaginative ways used to bring parallel imports to market. Four methods, however, represent the bulk of market imports and are focus of much of the economic and legal attention. First, are those products made overseas by for example American firms (see Figure 1). These foreign units may be subsidiaries, joint venture companies, or some other entity which have a commonality of interests with the American company. This foreign affiliate may sell to nearby authorized distributors, for example, a French firm. Somewhere in the authorized channel, however, distribution control is lost and the product gets into an unauthorized channel and some of it is exported back to the United States. Here it competes with identical domestically produced products. A second method (depicted by Figure 2) of parallel importing is when a foreign manufacturer (e.g. German) licenses a company to be the exclusive importer of a product bearing a foreign name or trademark. Impact of Parallel Trade There are a number of effects of all of this parallel importing activity. Here, the predicaments and opportunities created by these parallel distribution channels are discussed in more detail. First, consumers may be prejudiced against buying products which have been parallel imported because sometimes they cannot be properly serviced or maintained. They also may be worried that the so-called technical requirements for certain products may not met by grey importers. It needs to be made clear that parallel imports are not counterfeits but genuine products that are often sold at a lower price to consumers than these distributed by regular channels (Ahmadi and Yang, 1995). However, these may not necessarily have a lower profit margin because they can free ride on the promotional efforts of authorized dealers. Consequently parallel imports may undermine authorized dealers ¿Ã‚ ½ selling efforts. For example, by discouraging their investment in a sales-force or shelf-space. Advantages and Disadvantages of parallel importing Parallel imports promote free trade, encourage healthy competition and act as price levelers. Non application of parallel importation may result in complete control in distribution channels thereby perpetuating monopolies (Ashwini, 2006). Hence application is vital to minimize monopolistic effect of the policies of the multinational enterprises who try to control distribution channels. The biggest beneficiaries of parallel imports are the ultimate consumers who have the advantage of buying genuine goods produced by another licensee, offered under an authentic mark at a much lower rate. However, parallel import often raises serious issues of unfair competition and piggy backing  ¿Ã‚ ½ which refers to the attempt by the parallel importer to encash the goodwill fostered by the owner to sell their grey products. Concerns of quality of the goods also arise when the gray goods have been manufactured for a different market comprising different tastes and demands. The raw materials used may also be from geographically different areas directly affecting the consumer health. Furthermore, the corresponding guarantees and after sales maintenance services attached with the goods may be different for the various regions. Future of Parallel Imports The trend towards the globalization of markets, which is being facilitated by the development of a global communication system, envisages the end to domestic territoriality because of global competition. Because of the speed of new technologies and communication developments, parallel importation may be a short-term phenomenon. The impacts of globalization on parallel importation are two folds. First, as trade barriers between nations decrease, it will become more difficult to implement price discrimination policies based on country boundaries. Implicitly, parallel traders are therefore likely to gradually disappear, as there will be fewer opportunities for arbitrage. The issue of parallel importation may therefore become less significant as globalization continues. Secondly, traditionally, under international law, nations have asserted sovereignty based upon the territory that they legally control. Advances in electronic communications, including the Internet, however, have begun to change this. This development suggests that, rather than sovereignty based on territory, sovereignty will be based on information flows or economic spheres of influence will become the norm in cyberspace. This hypothesized shift will however, require a re-evaluation of present legal doctrines, which in turn may  ¿Ã‚ ½re-establish parallel imports legality. ¿Ã‚ ½ Nevertheless, when the world economy becomes far more globally integrated, which is likely in a digitally based economy, it becomes necessary to harmonize the different transactional rules between nations. This means policy co-ordination among different governments will be a critical step in achieving this (Rothnie, 1993). Measures to combat parallel trade Grey markets are not looked down upon by many industries primarily because they are benefitted by the increase of exposure of their products in new economies. Therefore parallel trade is a sensitive issue and this issue is something that can be most effectively combated against by the company ¿Ã‚ ½s themselves. There are certain safeguards that an organization can take to track products final destinations, such as: 1. Volume Control: One way to control the grey market distribution is to keep an eye on the supply chain of a product and track its normal volumes on a monthly basis. Furthermore, this data should be cross checked with the import and export records which are kept by the countries trade organizations (Palia, 1991). 2. Auditing: Proper auditing would ensure that a company can identify whether or not its products are being diverted from one country to another. 3. Different Packaging: This technique is already being used by some manufacturers. Utilizing this technique may lead to an increase in the overhead costs of manufacturing the product but the ability to segregate the markets through a differentiated product or with a variable packaging is a viable answer to prevent diversion and grey market with its own products. 4. RFID: Using radio frequency identification a risk tracking system can be adopted which would be inexpensive and such a system would be able to flag a product by its code if it is diverted. 5. Government legislations: Governments can strengthen up their trademark and copyright acts which aids in preventing the flow of products which are trademarked. Stricter laws have to be formalized and these laws also have to be properly enforced to ensure that grey market activity is curtailed if not stopped completely (Lewin, 1986). Conclusions Grey market is a thriving world from all the evidence presented so far. With globalization and advancement in the technology and reduction in trade barriers, parallel import market has steadily been growing especially in the developing countries where demand far outpaces supply. So far this has been a small sized market however it has grown significantly, in the past decade or so, due to decrease in the transaction costs around the world, penetration of internet leading to cross border commerce and products harmonization. There are clear advantages to the end customers due to the presence of parallel imports primarily due to the fact that it opens up the avenue for them to a large international market. Therefore the people are not complaining about the presence of such a market in their midst. However, the main entities who are hurt due to the presence of such a market are the government and manufacturers both of them losing a large amount in revenues that is actually supposed to go to them from taxes and profit margins respectively. Therefore the impact on the consumers is negligible except in cases when there vis a fault with the product and the customer cannot have it checked or replaced since he/she bought it out of warranty. Overall, it seems to be benefiting people more than harming them. Furthermore, I believe that the global grey market scenario will reduce in its size by itself primarily due to increasing globalization. With the spread of internet and the presence of global marketing company ¿Ã‚ ½s are making products that can be used anywhere in the world. Therefore the risk of inadvertently buying a product that would not be functional in a particular geographical place in decreasing day by day. Moreover, with couriers like DHL and UPS, it has become a fairly routine habit to purchase products or source them from another country. Therefore, its impact will slowly be eroded because trade barriers will become non existent and people are gaining more knowledge day by day and therefore are becoming self aware of all the possibilities. Besides this even organizations tend to keep quiet about their products being sold at places not designated by them as it increases their exposure in new markets. Recommendations The organizations can take a few steps if they want to prevent such grey markets by:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring that the current regulations are being adhered to strictly throughout the supply chain.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Establishing a tamper proof packaging solution which would be hard to duplicate and which would be easily identifiable to a consumer indicating its legal status. The governments can take the following steps to safeguard against thriving of such a market:  ¿Ã‚ ½ The government must formally consult with all stakeholders, i.e. manufacturers, in order to get their opinion on the impact of such a market on them.  ¿Ã‚ ½ They must encourage and motivate its citizens against purchasing products through this market. The harmful effects of such a decision should be spread about in the community especially in the case of grey market related to pharmaceuticals. Parallel traders must also:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Cooperate in putting an end to the practice of de-boxing, and move instead to  ¿Ã‚ ½over-box ¿Ã‚ ½ the un-tampered product to ensure integrity of the medicine.

Because I Could Not Stop for Death :: Literary Analysis, Dickinson

Because I Could Not Stop for Death is proclaimed to be Emily Dickinson’s most famous poem. This poem reveals Emily Dickinson’s calm acceptance of death. She portrays death being a gentleman that surprises her with a visit. Emily illustrates everyday scenes into a life cycle. While her metaphors explore death in an imitable way, her lines often contain as much uncertainty as meaning. Life and death are but trails to eternity and are seen less important when viewed in the framework of eternity. Emily Dickinson’s poem Death is a gentleman taking a woman out for a drive.† Because I could not stop for death, He kindly stopped for me† (Dickinson 1-2). Emily describes being a busy woman who is caught up with everyday situations. When it comes to death, no one plans on a time or date to die; what Emily is identifying as a tragic event is translated to being a casual experience. Emily writes, â€Å"The carriage held but just ourselves, and immortality,† (3-4). Emily describes her ride with death, but affiliates a third rider Immortality. â€Å"Davidson does not emphasize what is gained after death; she emphasizes what is lost because of death,† (Privatsky 35). Emily’s third passenger has a wide variety of interpretations. Normally, one doesn’t think about death, yet Emily’s approach to death is similar of the approac h to immortality. My viewpoint is Emily construes her belief in a soul that does not die but live on till eternity. â€Å"The idea of immortality is confronted with the fact of physical disintegration. We are not told what to think; we are told to look at the situation,† (Tate 26). According to Dickinson’s words, He slowly drove He knew no haste (5-6). Emily describes a relaxing slow pace towards an unknown destination. On the way she enjoys the peaceful scenes. â€Å"We passed the school, where children strove, At recess – In the Ring-â€Å"(Dickinson 9-10). Emily is reflecting in her past, this may also be seen as the beginning of a life cycle. Emily then goes on to say, We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain- (11). The phrase that she decides to use is judicious because she is not the observer, but instead she is the observed. At that point, she further goes on to describe â€Å"Setting Sun-â€Å" as the last scene in her ride.† All three of these ima ges suggest phases of the life cycle that the speaker has passed and is passing through and clue us in on her experience†¦Time has stopped for her, and the fields of grain do the gazing, not her,† (Semansky 34-35).